The acclimation depression of capacity of photon utilisation in photochemical reactions of photosystem 2 (PS2) can develop already after three months of cultivation of the Norway spruces (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) under elevated concentrations of CO2 (i.e., ambient, AC, + 350 µmol(CO2) mol-1 = EC) in glass domes with adjustable windows. To examine the role that duration of EC plays in acclimation response, we determined pigment contents, rate of photosynthesis, and parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence for sun and shade needles after three seasons of EC exposure. We found responses of shaded and exposed needles to EC. Whereas the shaded needles still profited from the EC and revealed stimulated electron transport, for the exposed needles the stimulation of both electron transport activity and irradiance saturated rate of CO2 assimilation (PNmax) under EC already disappeared. No signs of the PS2 impairment were observed as judged from high values of potential quantum yield of PS2 photochemistry (FV/FM) and uniform kinetics of QA reoxidation for all variants. Therefore, the long-term acclimation of the sun-exposed needles to EC is not necessarily accompanied with the damage to the PS2 reaction centres. The eco-physiological significance of the reported differentiation between the responses of shaded and sun exposed needles to prolonged EC may be in changed contribution of the upper and lower crown layers to the production activity of the tree. Whereas for the AC spruces, PNmax of shaded needles was only less than 25 % compared to exposed ones, for the EC spruces the PNmax of shaded needles reached nearly 40 % of that estimated for the exposed ones. Thus, the lower shaded part of the crown may become an effective consumer of CO2. and J. Kalina ... [et al.].
Among the important works of local his tory of the end of the 19th century belongs also a huge German work „Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild“ that, besides demographic, geographic, historical or economical tractates contains also ethnographic studies. It also contains a volume dedicated to Moravia and Silesia, two multiethnic regions dominated by Czech and German inhabitants (in Silesia also the Poles played an important role). The book thus deals not only with two independent political units, but also with two nations whose mutual relations were certainly problematic at the time of the publication of this work. It seems that also in this book manifested itself the contemporary national barrier between the Czechs and the Germans, including the specialists on ethnography. In the book chapters written by renowned Czech authors, at the time at the peak of their Scientific career — František Bartoš, Josef Kivana or Vincenc Prásek. On the other hand, the authors of the ethnographic chapters about the German ethnic group are not that well known today. They didn't publish in the Czech ethnographic periodicals of the time, their works are not referred upon by their Czech colleagues. But the book as a whole is certainly well-arranged and balanced. The very ethnographical chapters provoke some doubts, because they reflect some of thepoliticalproblems of the time. In the very structure of these important chapters we can see a dominant role that the initiator s of the book ascribed to the German nation. Although it was less numerous and its folk culture and its folk culture could not be considered as a modelfor the folk culture ofother nation groups, the chapters on German folk culture precede chapters dedicated to the Czechs, resp. the Poles. The Czech nation is uniformly named „Slavic“, a fact that through its political conservatism certainly should have provoked the bad blood of the Czech patriotic circles. Also, the book was written in the particularly sensitive period ofrising discontent not only among the Czechs and the Germans, but also the Czech political representation and the leadership of the Habsburk Empire and its political élite.
The paper presents a method of experimental and model investigations, enabling the monitoring of rehabilitation process, for parents with upper limbs diseases, having neurological base. The changes of forces, generated by particular groups of upper limb muscles, during typical rehabilitation exercises, were assumed as an indicator of the rehabilitation progress. The mathematical model and the set of computer programs were elaborated, which enable identification of forces generated by muscles and realization of comparative analysis, within a framework of inverse dynamic problem, and with the use of optimization techniques and computer processed video-registration of limb movement. and Obsahuje seznam literatury