By a detailed analysis of decoration and collation of this manuscript it was found out that three principal masters participated in its decoration. The top quality of the decoration can be found in the work of the first master continuing the Byzantine, Venetian, and Saxon-Thuringian creation. The second master uses the first master´s work. The work of the third master is quite different as it is connected with original Bohemian production – with the Mater verborum manuscript. This different quality of illuminations allows to suppose that the codex originated in a scriptorium acting somewhere in Bohemia and employing a number of artists and their helpmates.
V. Mathesius založil v r. 1926 malou neformální skupinu lingvistů, jejímž cílem bylo přinést nové přístupy do lingvistiky a literární vědy. Mezi hlavní přínosy PLK v oblasti fonologie patří sledování korelačních vztahů mezi fonémy a definování fonému jako svazku distinktivních rysů. V PLK byl kladně přijímán de Saussurův Kurs obecné lingvistiky. V morfologii byly uplatňovány obdobné přístupy jako ve fonologii, byly sledovány distinktivní (sémantické) rysy. Pražská škola se vyznačuje strukturním přístupem, tj. jsou sledovány vzájemné (paradigmatické i syntagmatické) vztahy, je uplatňován teleologický přístup, tzn. že se popisované jevy sledují z hlediska jejich cíle, a tudíž se věnuje pozornost jejich funkci a významu.
Targeting polyamines of parasitic protozoa in chemotherapy has attracted attention because polyamines might reveal novel drug targets for antiparasite therapies (Müller et al. 2001). The biological function of the triamine spermidine in parasitic protozoa has not been studied in great detail although the results obtained mainly imply three different functions, i.e., cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and biosynthesis of macromolecules. Sequence information from the malaria genome project databases and inhibitor studies provide evidence that the current status of spermidine research has to be extended since enzymes of spermidine metabolism are present in the parasite (Kaiser et al. 2001). Isolation and characterisation of these enzymes, i.e., deoxyhypusine synthase (EC 1.1.1.249) (DHS) and homospermidine synthase (EC 2.5.1.44) (HSS) might lead to valuable new targets in drug therapy. Currently research on spermidine metabolism is based on the deposition of the deoxyhypusine synthase nucleic acid sequence in GenBank while the activity of homospermidine synthase was deduced from inhibitor studies. Spermidine biosynthesis is catalyzed by spermidine synthase (EC 2.5.1.16) which transfers an aminopropyl moiety from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine. Spermidine is also an important precursor in the biosynthesis of the unusual amino acid hypusine (Wolff et al. 1995) and the uncommon triamine homospermidine in eukaryotes, in particular in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-producing plants (Ober and Hartmann 2000). Hypusine is formed by a two-step enzymatic mechanism starting with the transfer of an aminobutyl moiety from spermidine to the ε-amino group of one of the lysine residues in the precursor protein of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF5A by DHS (Lee and Park 2000). The second step of hypusinylation is completed by deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.9929) (Abbruzzese et al. 1985). Homospermidine formation in eukaryotes parallels deoxyhypusine formation in the way that in an NAD+-dependent reaction an aminobutyl moiety is transferred from spermidine. In the case of homospermidine synthase, however the acceptor is putrescine. Thus the triamine homospermidine consists of two symmetric aminobutyl moieties while there is one aminobutyl and one aminopropyl moiety present in spermidine. Here, we review the metabolism of the triamine spermidine with particular focus on the biosynthesis of hypusine and homospermidine in parasitic protozoa, i.e., Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania, compared to that in prokaryotes i.e., Escherichia coli, a phytopathogenic virus and pyrrolizidine alkaloid-producing plants (Asteraceae) and fungi.
The ultrastructural cytology and reproduction of Amphiacantha longa Caullery et Mesnil, 1914 is described. Mcrogonial reproduction was not observed. The sporogony follows two lines: free disporoblastic. and enveloped, polysporoblastic, involving sporoblast mother cells. The enveloped sporogony is endogenous in spore sacs of sporont origin, daughter cells are formed by vacuolation. Probably all stages have coupled nuclei. Both free and enveloped spores are equipped with an extrusion apparatus composed of a flat polar sac, a straight polar filament of manubrium type, and a posterior globular appendix. Manubrium and appendix are enclosed in a membraneous coat. Circular elements of coat material occur in the proximity of the extrusion apparatus. The membraneous coat and the surface layer of the manubrium penetrate the polar sac. The extrusion apparatus is located at the wide pole of the spore, the nuclei at the narrower pole. Hosts are gregarines of the genus Lecudina Mingazzini, living in the gut of the polychaete Lumbrinereis fragilis (O. F. Muller). The cytology and reproduction are discussed and compared to other genera of metchnikovellideans, to the chytridiopsid genera, and to microsporidia expressing the typical cytology for the group. Metchnikovellideans and chytridiopsids exhibit cytological and reproductive similarities. The species is redescribed, the diagnosis of the genus Amphiacantha Caullery et Mesnil, 1914 is emended, and the new family Amphiacanthidae, comprising the genera Amphiacantha and Amphiamblys Caullery et Mesnil, 1914, is established.
In the paper there are deduced differential equations of the vibroisolation system of the ambulance couch. The kinematic excitation is realized in three directions: the vertical translation and the rotations around the both horizontal axes of the car. The suspension of the ambulance couch corresponds to this presumption and is made by the parallelogram; on the upper base there is a double level Cardan suspension.
The linearised system of the motion equations is stated and the preliminary analysis of the dependency of all the three natural frequencies on the selected parameters is made. By vertical kinematics excitation numerical simulation of the excited oscillations is made. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
To write about "Vladimír Skalička and Linguistic Anthropology" might seem somewhat surprising if we take into consideration the generaly prevailing immanentist attitudes of the great Czech linguist (1909-1991; see also „Skaličkiana“, in Skalička 2004: 16). These attitudes may have been most strikingly documented, with even international repercusions, in the area of language typology. And yet: let us stress that at least since the time of the study Problém jazykové různosti (The Problems of Language Variety, 1947/48), there have appeared themes in Skalička‘s work that could be qualified as expressions of an interest in what is today called „linguistic anthropology“; this scope can be divided into three groups: (1) The „Eurasian“ group (or „Sprachbund“), which can be found in in Skalička‘s early bibliography but which returns later - albeit on a purely general level - in his considerations of language affinities. (2) The group of „primitive language", once a popular object of both linguistics and ethnology (the best example is the Australian aranta). Let us add that this group is not free of certain paradoxes: on one hand, Skalička admits an organic, distinctive role of gestures, but on the other hand he rejects the existence of a primitive language. (3) The group of „language and society", in which it is interesting not only to observe Skalička‘s explicit „ethnolinguistic" scepticism or circumspection, but also - precisely in this context - echoes of both Marrism and Marxism, which exteriorize the somewhat simplistic evolutionist and social perspective that can be hardly made compatible with the perspective of modem empirie ethnology. The explicitness of these echoes in Skalička‘s attitudes toward the above mention relation, gradually fades away.