Chronické onemocnění ledvin patří k nejběžnějším klinickým problémům, často však poddiagnostikovaným. Snížení renální funkce vede k ovlivnění všech farmakokinetických vlastností léčiv, nemocní s chronickým onemocněním ledvin jsou proto ve zvýšené míře ohroženi nežádoucími účinky farmakoterapie – především předávkováním léky, které jsou primárně vylučovány ledvinami. Dalšími zásadními problémy u pacientů s onemocněním ledvin jsou polymorbidita a léková polypragmazie. Před nasazením každého nového léčiva je nutné především určit glomerulární filtraci, přičemž samotné stanovení hladiny sérového kreatininu není spolehlivým indikátorem očišťovací funkce ledvin. U léků eliminovaných převážně nebo výhradně ledvinami se dávkovací schéma upravuje snížením dávky léku, prodloužením intervalu mezi podáním jednotlivých dávek nebo kombinací obou metod., Chronic kidney disease belongs among the most frequent clinical problems, but often remains underdiagnosed. Decreased renal function affects all pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Thus, patients with chronic kidney disease are at increased risk of adverse drug effects – especially overdoses of drugs that are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. Other frequent problems in patients with kidney disease are polymorbidity and polypharmacy. Before using any new medication, determination of the glomerular filtration rate is obligatory, since the value of serum creatinine alone is not a reliable indicator of kidney function. The dosing of drugs eliminated mainly or solely by the kidneys can be adjusted by reducing the dose, prolonging the interval between doses, or combining both these methods., and Zakiyanov O., Vachek J., Tesař V.
Solid organ transplantation is an established treatment modality in patients with end-stage organ damage in cases where other therapeutic options fail. The long-term outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients have improved considerably since the introduction of the first calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) - cyclosporine. In 1984, the potent immunosuppressive properties of another CNI, tacrolimus, were discovered. The immunosuppressive effects of CNIs result from the inhibition of interleukin-2 synthesis and reduced proliferation of T cells due to calcineurin blockade. The considerable side effects that are associated with CNIs therapy include arterial hypertension and nephrotoxicity. The focus of this article was to review the available literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms of CNIs that induce chronic nephrotoxicity and arterial hypertension. CNIs lead to activation of the major vasoconstriction systems, such as the reninangiotensin and endothelin systems, and increase sympathetic nerve activity. On the other hand, CNIs are known to inhibit NO synthesis and NO-mediated vasodilation and to increase free radical formation. Altogether, these processes cause endothelial dysfunction and contribute to the impairment of organ function. A better insight into the mechanisms underlying CNI nephrotoxicity could assist in developing more targeted therapies of arterial hypertension or preventing CNI nephrotoxicity in organ transplant recipients, including heart transplantation., L. Hošková, I. Málek, L. Kopkan, J. Kautzner., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Flavonoids, polyphenol derivatives of plant origin, possess a broad range of pharmacological properties. A number of studies have found both pro/anti-apoptotic effects for many of these compounds. For these reasons we investigated whether ProvinolsTM, flavonoids obtained from red wine, have anti-apoptotic properties. The investigations have been carried out in rats treated with Cyclosporine A (CsA). In particular, four groups of rats have been treated for 21 days with either olive oil (control group), with CsA, with ProvinolsTM, or with CsA and ProvinolsTM simultaneously. Oxidative stress, systolic blood pressure, body weight, biochemical parameters and different markers of pro/anti-apoptotic pathway were measured. CsA produced an increase of systolic blood pressure, a decrease in body weight, serum creatinine levels, urinary total protein concentration and creatinine clearance. Moreover, CsA induced renal alterations and the translocation of Bax and cytochrome c from cytoplasm to mitochondria and vice versa. These changes activated the caspase cascade pathway, that leads to morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis. ProvinolsTM restored morphological and biochemical alterations and prevented nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, this study may augment our current understanding of the controversial pro-/anti-apoptotic properties of flavonoids and their molecular mechanisms., R. Rezzani ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury