Faecal pellets were collected under one maternity colony of each of E. serotinus (E.s.) and E. nilssonii (E.n.). The distance between the colonies was 83 km. In total, 325 pellets (13 samples) of E.s. and 150 pellets (6 samples) of E.n. were analysed. Nematoceran Diptera, mainly Chironomidae, were the most frequent food items in both species. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Heteroptera (Corixidae, Lygaeidae) and Hym enoptera (Formicoidea, Ichneumonidae) were common in E.s., Lepidoptera, Heteroptera (Miridae), Aphidomorpha, Psyllomorpha and brachyceran Diptera were common in E.n. If the samples of the two species are adjusted to the same time (16 June – 15 August), the prevalence of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera in E.s. and Heteroptera and Lepidoptera in E.n. are highly significant (p E.s. is less significant (p jk) fluctuated between 6 % and 80 % with an average of 69 %. Prey diversity (H’), evenness (J’), measure of niche breadth (B) and the representation of four major insect groups varied seasonally and in the two species independently of each other. Both species prefer aerial hawking and hunt for swarming insects if available. Comparison with data of other authors revealed regional differences in foraging and diet within each of the species studied.
This article deals with the issue of pre -election polling and examines the methodological approaches used in pre -election polling in the Czech Republic. Aselection of Czech research agencies is presented and explored, as well as the recommendations of various professional associations. The core of this work examines and compares the methodological approaches used by the Czech agencies CVVM, ppm factum, Median and STEM. The aim of this article is to highlight the differences in the methodological approaches among the Czech agencies and to determine whether these differences could eventually affect the outcomes of pre -election polls., Kristýna Chábová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Ninety-five eels from one marine and three freshwater localities in Iceland were examined for parasites. Twenty species were found, 12 from marine habitat, 12 from freshwater and 4 species were found in both habitats. These are: Eimeria anguillae, Chilodonella hexasticha, Trichodina fultoni, T. jadranica, Myxidium giardi, Myxobolus kotlani, two Zschokkella spp., Derogenes varicus, Deropristis inflata, Diplostomum sp., Plagioporus angulatus, Podocotyle atomon, Anisakis simplex (larva), Eustrongylides sp. (larva), Hysterothylacium aduncum (larva), Raphidascaris acus (larval and adult stages), Bothriocephalus claviceps, Proteocephalus macrocephalus, and a pseudophyllidean larva. Thirteen of these species are new parasite records from Icelandic waters. The component community of marine eels was characterized by low diversity and a high dominance of a single species. Overall, seven species of helminths were observed, up to five different species occurring in an individual fish. The component community of the freshwater eels was species-poor with low diversity and relatively high dominance of single species. A between-sites difference in the freshwater eels was considerable; only Diplostomum sp. was found at more then one sampling site. Similar to previous studies, there is a total replacement of freshwater macroparasite species by marine ones in saline waters. But unlike research abroad in which species richness decreases with higher salinity, the marine eels in Iceland have considerably higher richness than the freshwater ones. The parasite communities of freshwater eels in Iceland are, in general species-poorer, less diverse and having higher Berger Parker (BP) dominance than other eel communities in Europe. Marine eels have on the other hand comparable species richness, are less diverse and with a high BP dominance.
This article discusses the way in which three different generations
of Lithuanian patriots defined their relationship with the Czech national movement; how the Czech national movement influenced the development of the Lithuanian national movement in the 19th century. The article is methodologically based on a three-stage periodization of the national movement provided by historian, Miroslav Hroch. It draws information primarily on the basis of text analysis of the journals Teka Wileńska, Aušra, and Varpas, which
can be regarded as generational ideological platforms, and correspondence and memories of activists. The author researches the difference in the motivation of Lithuaanian-Polish patriots on one hand and, on the other, by later generations activists of the Lithuanian national movement. and Obsahuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
The paper investigates the degrees of comparison in New Czech using two corpora of private correspondence as a material source: the corpus of contemporary private letters KSKdopisy (Hladká et al., 2005) and a preparatory version of the corpus consisting of the letters written by or addressed to poet, journalist and politician Karel Havlíček (1821-1856). Distinguishing pricipially relative and absolute meanings (i.e. comparison and elation, respectively), it tries to show that with relative meaning, the question whether using a comparative or superlative form of a quality word implies the positive presence of the quality (rather than the opposite), is (a) not to be answered generally, and (b) often irrelevant in communication. The paper describes various relative and absolute meanings of the degrees of comparison and the clues to their interpretation. Finally, it deals with comparative and superlative forms with modified/weakened meanings.
Příspěvek se vypořádává s častými výzvami, aby se Evropská unie kvůli dluhové aměnové krizi urychleně přeměnila na federaci. Provádí se proto srovnávání se Spojenými státy americkými jako modelovou federací. Pečlivé zkoumání klíčových rysů amerického federalismu se zaměřením na působení v ekonomické a sociální oblasti ukazuje, že rozdíly jsou zásadní a vytvářely se dlouhodobě. Evropská unie spojuje vesměs jazykově vymezené národní státy, Spojené státy americké vytvořil jeden národ užívající společný jazyk. Spojené státy byly od počátku spolkovým státem, který prosazoval své právo pomocí vlastních úřadů, soudů a ozbrojených sil. Přímé a při střetu se státním právem přednostní uplatnění federálního
práva je samozřejmostí.Američané jsou na prvním místě občané Spojených států.Americká federální moc má jednotnou zahraniční politiku a obranu, určuje sociální politiku a za těmito účely má dostatečný rozpočet napájený federálními daněmi. Evropská unie je ve všech uvedených záležitostech méně soudržná a pro její rychlou proměnu na Spojené státy evropské nejsou společenské, ekonomické ani politické předpoklady. Součástí amerického federalismu nicméně není pomoc zadluženým státům. and This contribution reflects with frequent suggestions to resolve the ongoing debt and currency crisis in the European Union by quick transformation into federation. It takes the United States of America as a model of such a federation.Careful analysis of crucial aspects of American federalism
with special attention to economic and social competences shows that differences are crucial and that this model has developed within lengthy period of time. The European Union connects states based on linguistically defined nations. The United States of America have been established by one nation with shared language. The United States,since their beginnings, form federal government which enforces its law with own administration, judiciary and armed forces. Direct application of federal law is a matter of principle.Americans are firstly citizens of the United States.Federal government has single foreign policy and defense. It decides on social policy. It administers adequate budget based on federal taxes. The European Union is less integrated in all mentioned aspects. It cannot be easily transformed into the United States of Europe due to social, economic and political reasons. Finally, bail-out of indebted states is not a feature of American federalism.
We present the Rothe method for the McKendrick-von Foerster equation with initial and boundary conditions. This method is well known as an abstract Euler scheme in extensive literature, e.g. K. Rektorys, The Method of Discretization in Time and Partial Differential Equations, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1982. Various Banach spaces are exploited, the most popular being the space of bounded and continuous functions. We prove the boundedness of approximate solutions and stability of the Rothe method in $L^\infty $ and $L^1$ norms. Proofs of these results are based on comparison inequalities. Our theory is illustrated by numerical experiments. Our research is motivated by certain models of mathematical biology.