Cíl: Posoudit efekt samoléčby a autodiagnózy dysmenorey u studentek univerzity v Maiduguri. Metody: 289 studentek trpících dysmenorhoeou z celkového počtu 25 000 studentek univerzity v Maiduguri ze státu Borno, Nigerie, bylo randomizováno k léčbě dysmenorey. Studentky byly vybrány na základě dotazníku, který vyplnily v lednu 2011. Výsledky: Střední věk ± směrodatná odchylka (SD) účastnic byl 22.50 ± 3.12 roku. 112 (38.8 %) užívalo analgetika a nefarmakologické prostředky k tišení bolesti, buď současně, nebo následně (p < 0.001). Nejčastějšími nemedikamentózními prostředky byly horká lázeň (15.2 %) a ohřívací dečka umístěná na podbřišek (5.5 %). Nejčastějšími léky byly nesteroidní antirevmatika (NSAID) užívané při nástupu menstruace. V 72 % byla léčba účinná, ve 4.2 % nebyla. Většina účastnic se medikovala sama a nezabývala se možnými vedlejšími účinky (p < 0.001). Většina účastnic (63 %) utratila 300 Nigerijských Naira a méně (1.9 US Dolarů a méně) za léčbu dysmenorey. Závěry: Výsledky potvrdily, že NSAID byly nejčastěji užívané medikamenty k léčbě dysmenorey, ale většinou bez znalosti potencionálních vedlejších účinků. Proto doporučujeme zapojení profesionálních zdravotníků do tohoto procesu., Objective: This study was performed to evaluate self-medication for the treatment of self-diagnosed dysmenorrhoea among a group of University of Maiduguri female students. Methods: The population of this randomized study was 289 female students suffering from dysmenorrhoea out of over 25 000 students attending a college of medicine and eight non-medical faculties of university of Maiduguri in Borno state, Nigeria. The students were interviewed using a self-administered pre-tested structured questionnaire in January, 2011. Results: The Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of age of the participants was 22.50 ± 3.12 years. Significant number 112 (38.8%) of participants use drugs to remedy menstrual pains followed by non-drug therapy while few combine both the drug and non-drug therapy for the pain management (p < 0.001). The most common non drug remedies employed by the participants were taking a hot bath (15.2%) and placing a heating pad on abdomen (5.5%). However, the most common drugs used by the participants were Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) which were usually taken orally at the onset of menstruation. Among the participants that used drug, 72% found it effective while 4.2% reported ineffectiveness. Significant majority of the participants usually self-prescribed their drugs, and were ignorant of the common side effects of these drugs (p < 0.001). Most participants (63%) spent 300 Nigerian Naira and below (1.9048 US Dollar and below) on drugs for dysmenorrhoea every month. Conclusion: The results confirmed that NSAIDs were the most common drugs used for dysmenorrhoea treatment, but frequently used without knowledge of potential side effects due to self-medication. Therefore, we recommend educational intervention by health care professionals., Roland Nnaemeka Okoro, Helen Malgwi, Cyprian Kingsley Ngong, Glory Ogechi Okoro, and Literatura 30
The disabling nature and lifelong impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) imposes considerable socioeconomic burden despite its relative low prevalence compared to other chronic diseases. This is the first study of MS in the Slovak Republic that provides information about healthcare and social expenditures including costs of productivity loss caused by reduced work capacity of patients with MS. Retrospectively direct and indirect costs of MS were investigated by prevalence based "bottomup" approach. The societal and health insurance perspective was used to perform the overall economic burden caused by MS in Slovakia. The human capital method was used for the calculation of indirect costs, as this is the most common method applied in published studies. As not all detailed data on expenditures were available, the missing data were collected in the retrospective patient research. Total annual costs in 2010 for 6.100 dispensed patients with MS in Slovakia were 54.723.592. Indirect costs (31.728.757) prevailed over direct costs (22.994.834). The highest part of both costs were 25.207.512 and 12.641.052 for loss productivity due to patients sickness and invalidity pensions and diseasemodifying drugs respectively. The average cost per patient independently of disease severity was 8.971. MS causes a high economic burden, with a strong predominance of indirect costs. Documenting and quantifying this burden among patients with MS in different disease stages through costofillness study can lead to better disease management and it can provide valuable information for future cost analysis and for decisionmaking process., Mária Pšenková, Stanislava Mackovičová, Alexander Palúch, Tatiana Foltánová, Lenka Petrová, and Literatura
Objectives: The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of dopamine receptor D2 / ankyrin repeat and protein kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) TaqIA allelic polymorphism in the HPVinduced cervical carcinogenesis. Methods: 1. Effect on the risk of cervical precancer: After an 8year followup, out of 214 women with persisting highrisk HPV infection, 102 developed highgrade cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III, while 112 did not. The subjects were genotyped for the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism by PCRRFLP, and the allelic distributions were compared between groups with and without highgrade dysplasia. 2. Prognostic value: Two hundred and thirty nine women with cervical precancer/cancer were followed for 5 years. Complete remission was achieved at 182 women. To assess the prognostic value of the TaqIA polymorphism, genotype frequencies were compared between patients reaching and not reaching complete remission. Results: The frequency of A1/A1+A1/A2 genotypes was higher among women who developed highgrade cervical dysplasia (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.053.33; p=0.034) than in the other group. Occurrence of the A1 allele was more frequent among women who did not reach complete remission (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.073.74; p=0.030) than in women with complete remission. Conclusions: This is the first report on the possible involvement of DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism in cervical carcinogenesis. The A1 allele seems to increase the risk of cervical precancer, and it may also be associated with a worse prognosis in women with HPVinduced cervical cancer. The results need further validation in largescale molecular epidemiological studies., József Cseh, Zsuzsa Orsós, Emese Pázsit, Erika Marek, András Huszár, István Ember, István Kiss, and Literatura
Health performance and economic performance are interlinked. Good health is essential for economic and social development. This paper identifies and describes linkages between economic globalization and health. The aim is to analyze international professional discourse on ways how economic globaliza - tion affects health and to critical reflex development of the Czech health policy in the relation to economic globalization, financial crisis and health. The World Health Organization plays the major role in the studying the health effects resulting globalization. In the other side in the Czech Republic there is - n’t developed the discussion about social determinants of health, he - alth gap, health inequalities, health promotion. The risks of economic globalization aren’t reflected by health policy makers, Pavla Mašková, Petr Háva, and Literatura
According to our study, diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses were found in 59.4% of patients with acute and chronic leukemias. In chronic leukemia purulentinflammatory diseases had abortive clinical manifestation. In acute leukemia, especially during the induction of remission, purulentinflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses were associated with significant signs of purulent process. Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses are manifested by pronounced shift of hematological indices of intoxication that indicates increase of autointoxication, disturbance of adaptation mechanisms and transition of adaptivecompensatory immunological reactions in damaging ones., Shakhlo Bakieva, and Literatura
Cíl. Retrospektivně analyzovat výsledky léčby plicních arteriovenózních zkratů (PAVZ) embolizací v prevenci paradoxní embolizace. Metoda. Do studie bylo zahrnuto 16 nemocných (7 mužů, 9 žen, průměrného věku 48,3 roků, v rozmezí 17-82 roků) s celkem 35 PAVZ. U šesti nemocných byly PAVZ jednoduché, u jednoho nemocného PAVZ diagnostikovaná na CT angiografii nebyla potvrzena. U devíti nemocných byly PAVZ vícečetné (2-11 zkratů). Zkraty byly u jedné třetiny v levé plíci, u jedné třetiny v pravé plíci a u třetiny nemocných oboustranně. Pouze u dvou nemocných s vícečetnými PAVZ byly zkraty uloženy v horních plicních polích, jinak vždy ve středních a dolních. U 12 nemocných byla prokázána hemoragická hereditární teleangiektázie (HHT). Bylo provedeno 18 embolizačních sezení, u dvou nemocných byla provedena pouze angiografie, z toho u jednoho nebyl zkrat prokázán a jeden nemocný byl léčen pneumonektomií. Výsledky. Všechny PAVZ byly na konci embolizace bez angiograficky průkazného průtoku. U dvou nemocných došlo k rekanalizaci zkratu, což se projevilo nárůstem dusnosti. Další nemocná původně léčená na jiném pracovišti měla emb olizovány dvě rekanalizované PAVZ. Jedna nemocná se sekundární epilepsií po prodělaném mozkovém abscesu náhle zemřela 3 měsíce po embolizaci zkratu, nejspíše v důsledku epileptického záchvatu. Jeden nemocný byl ztracen ze sledování. Ostatní nemocní jsou bez potíží. Závěr. Embolizace je primární léčebnou metodou při uzávěru PAVZ v prevenci paradoxní embolizace. Nemocní s HHT vyžadují trvalou péči., Aim. Results of the pulmonary arteriovenous shunts (PAVS) embolization therapy in prevention of paradoxical embolization are retrospectively analysed. Material and methods. The study included 16 patients (7 males, 9 females of average age 48.3 years, range 17-82 years) with 35 PAVS. The single shunt was present in 6 patients, a shunt diagnosed on CT angiography was not confirmed on angiogram in one patient. The multiple PAVS (from 2 to 11) were diagnosed in 9 patients. The PAVS were in the left lung in one third of patients, in the right lung in another third of patients, and on the both sides in the remaining third of patients. The PAVS were located in the upper lobes only in 2 patients, who both had multiple PAVS. The other PAVS were located in the middle and lower pulmonary fields. The hemorrhagic hereditary teleangiectasia (HHT) was confirmed in 12 patients. The authors performed 18 embolization sessions, in two patients only diagnostic angiogram was done, since the PAVS was not confirmed in one patients and one patient was treated by pneumonectomy. Results. All embolized PAVS were angiographically occluded in the end of the procedure. Recanalization of the PAVS occurred in 2 patients with dyspnoe. Another patient had reembolization of two PAVS after primary treatment in another hospital. One patient with epilepsy secondary to the brain abscess suddenly died 3 months after embolization, most probably due to epileptic seizure. One patient was lost for follow-up. Remaining patients have been doing well. Conclusion. Embolization is the primary method of the PAVS occlusion in prevention of paradoxical embolization. The patients with HHT require permanent care., Antonín Krajina, Vladimír Koblížek, Miroslav Lojík, Jan Raupach, Vendelín Chovanec, Ondřej Renc, Eva Plodrová, Jan Hájek, Leo Steinhart, and Literatura 40
Z 1,043 milionu nových nádorů děložního hrdla, těla a vaječníků ve světě v roce 2008 uvádí databáze Globocan 2008 (IARC) 31 % ve vyspělých a 69 % v méně vyspělých zemích; z 489 tisíc zemřelých uvádí 27 % ve vyspělých a 73 % v méně vyspělých zemích. Do roku 2030 mohou nová onemocnění ve světě vzrůst o 550 tisíc, tj. 53 %, a úmrtí o 303 tisíc, tj. 62 %. V méně vyspělých zemích může být nárůst o 65 % na 1,19 milionu nových případů, o 80 % na 639 tisíc úmrtí, ve vyspělých zemích o 19 % na 382 tisíc nových případů, o 29 % na 168 tisíc úmrtí. Z odhadu pětileté prevalence 3,203 milionu případů ve světě se v roce 2008 vyskytlo 67 % v méně vyspělých a 33 % ve vyspělých zemích včetně 677 tisíc v Evropě. Porovnáním hrubé incidence 40 zemí Evropy byly ženy ČR první u nádoru děložního těla, deváté u nádorů vaječníků a jedenácté u nádoru děložního hrdla. Výzva WHO „Společně je to možné” spojuje úsilí o snížení budoucí incidence a rozdílů v onkologické péči., Of a total of 1.043 million worldwide new cases of cervical, uterine and ovarian cancer in 2008 based in Globocan 2008 (IARC), 31 % were estimated in more developed and 69 % in less developed countries; of 489 thousand deaths from cancer, 27 % were in more developed and 73 % in less developed countries. By 2030 an estimated worldwide increase is by 550 thousand, i.e. 53 % for new cases and 303 thousand, i.e. 62 % for deaths. The expected increasing will be by 65 % up to 1.19 million new cases and 80 % up to 639 thousand deaths in less developed countries, and by 19 % (up to 382 thousand new cases) and 29 % (up to 168 thousand deaths) in more developed countries. Of the estimated five-year prevalence of 3.203 million cases worldwide there were 67 % in less, and 33 % in more developed countries which included Europe with 677 thousand cases in 2008. On comparison of crude incidence rates of 40 European countries, Czech females ranked alarming first in uterine, ninth in ovarian and eleventh in cervical cancer. The WHO appeal “Together It Is Possible” calls for a joint effort to reduce the future incidence and disparities in cancer care., Edvard Geryk, Bohuslav Svoboda, Martina Kubecová, Petr Kubíček, Pavla Líbalová, Dalibor Pacík, and Literatura 20