The paper focuses on the intellectual aspects of Bohumil Hrabal’s work and also on the concept of worldview. The starting point is Josef Zumr’s article “The Intellectual Inspiration of Bohumil Hrabal” (1989); the approaches of Jan Patočka (1942) and Jan Mukařovský (1947) are also mentioned. In his article Zumr presents Hrabal’s worldview as a mosaic of constitutive and affirmative influences. He formulates a thesis on the post-war continuity of the avant-garde, of which Hrabal’s work is a part. In this paper, Zumr’s interpretation is subjected to partial revision: it is not only about ideological influences, but also about their individual creative transformation. Hrabal has lost the optimism of the avant-garde, his work testifies to the turn of an epoch and combines humour with melancholy and historical scepticism. and Příspěvek se zaměřuje na ideové aspekty díla Bohumila Hrabala a také na pojem světového názoru. Referenčním textem je studie Josefa Zumra „Ideová inspirace Bohumila Hrabala“ (1989). Zmíněny jsou rovněž přístupy Jana Patočky (1942) a Jana Mukařovského (1947). Zumr ve své studii představuje Hrabalův světový názor jako mozaiku konstitutivních a konfirmativních vlivů. Formuluje tezi o poválečné kontinuitě avantgardy, které je Hrabalovo dílo součástí. V tomto příspěvku je Zumrova interpretace podrobena dílčí revizi: nejde jen o ideové vlivy, nýbrž také o jejich individuální tvůrčí transformaci. Hrabal ztratil optimismus avantgard. Jeho dílo je svědectvím o přelomu epoch a spojuje humor s melancholií a dějinnou skepsí.
The article tries to trace the structuralist and post-structuralist interpretations of the opposition of Miðgarðr and Útgarðr and their consequences for the understanding of some Old Norse rituals. After a brief overview of the sources and recent linguistic opinions about the origin of the words Ásgarðr, Miðgarðr and Útgarðr, the authors demonstrate the main features of the structuralist view of this basic mythical opposition, as it is present in the works of Einar Haugen and Eleazar Meletinsky. The paper then describes the implementation of this mythical opposition in the space organization of human settlement that was suggested by Kirsten Hastrup, and tries to support it by adding new material concerning the relation of fence (garðr) and the concept of helgi in Old Norse sources. -- The second part of the article is devoted to the presentation of post-structuralist attacks on the structuralist interpretation that – far from forming a united and consequent school – nevertheless hit some weak points in the structuralist view of the problem. Works by Margaret Clunies Ross, Gro Steinsland, Agneta Ney, and Frederik Stjernfelt criticize the oversimplifications of the structuralist interpretation, its understanding of Miðgarðr as closed universe, the absolute separation between Miðgarðr and Útgarðr, and the lack of understanding of the dynamics of the Old Norse mythical worldview. Especially in respect to the last mentioned problem the authors plead for a new interpretation of the landtaking process (landnám), that can be understood well in the Stjernfelt's concept of "polarization" as a process of dividing the natural and undifferentiated landscape into districts with different measure of sanctity. -- In conclusion the authors try to reconcile the structuralist and post-structuralist interpretations of Miðgarðr and Útgarðr as synchronic and diachronic views of the same phenomenon that pervaded the myth as well as the daily life of Old Norsemen.