Hans Kelsen was born in Prague towards the end of the nineteenth century. He finished high school(gymnasium) in Vienna with the general qualifications for university entrance (Matura). Studied at the Universityof Vienna, where he obrained his doctor’s degree, made his habilitation (qualification for teaching asdocent) and later was pointed Professor there.He was influential in the constitutional development of Austria from the monarchy to the republic and byhis methodology (self-styled “Pure theory of Law”) had a strong positivistic impact on the legal thinking inthe twentieth century.Kelsen was a legal scholar who passed from legal philosophy through the doctrine of state and law to internationallegal doctrine. He laid the basis for the judicial review of laws, regulations and other legal acts bya constitutional court. The political situation of the nineteen thirties and forties caused him to be on a constantmove. He taught law consecutively in Vienna, Cologne, Prague, Geneva, Harvard and Berkeley.
This study focuses on the impact of the war conditions on the attitudes and standing of lawyers, in particular on the Czech lawyers in Moravia. The freedom of advocacy achieved in 1868 was limited by the war conditions and a significant part of the lawyers who were actively working before 1914, were put under surveillance. Some of them were persecuted, some conscripted and they were forced to fight on the side of the monarchy or they fought in the czechoslovakian legions. Part of the lawyers partake in the defense of the people accused of the offense against the state at the end of the war and also in the smooth assumption of power by the new authorities of the Czechoslovakian state.
Text problematizuje některé navyklé způsoby vnímání represí a perzekucí v komunistickém Československu, k nimž patří implicitní ztotožňování těchto jevů s násilím vykonávaným Státní bezpečností a s politickými procesy. Autor se zasazuje za jejich komplexní pojímání, a to v různosti jejich podob a projevů, kontextů a účelů, v příbězích obětí i pachatelů, v reflexi a důsledcích pro jednání české a slovenské společnosti. Upozorňuje přitom na často zjednodušené užívání statistických údajů o počtu odsouzených za politické trestné činy, které vytváří poněkud nadsazený obraz represí v padesátých letech, vůči nimž jsou léta šedesátá až příliš samozřejmě vnímána kontrastně jako doba politického uvolnění, což je z hlediska politických justičních represí minimálně do poloviny této dekády neoprávněné. and Jaroslav Cuhra.
Bernard of Clairvaux's engagement in the struggle against heresy in the 12th century has so far been understood as a logical result of his ecclesiology. In his effort to defend the unity of Christianity, the abbot fought against heresy, as, for him, it represented a major threat to the Church. However, the reverse question of what Bernard's anti-heretical writing brings to the understanding of his ecclesiology has remained almost entirely unexplored, despite the importance of these polemical writings for the "discovery" of Bernard. This article seeks to fill this gap by placing Bernard's anti-heretical discourse at the centre of inquiry in order to understand a crucial aspect of his ecclesiology and to follow how this ecclesiology was realized through specific means against heresy, these functioning as disciplinary practices. Using the theoretical works of Michel Foucault and Talal Asad and insights of modern sociology, the goal is to examine both the way in which the means against heresy operated and the logic behind them. In this way, the article demonstrates the process through which a discourse is articulated and imposed on society and, at the same time, through which a specific subjectivity is shaped and regulated.