Endometriální stromální nádory představují skupinu benigních, low grade maligních i high grade maligních nádorů. Benigní variantou je endometriální stromální uzel, pro který je typická absence angioinvaze a ohraničený expanzivní růst bez invaze do myometria, či její pouze ojedinělý výskyt nepřesahující 3 mm. Low grade maligní nádory představuje endometriální stromální sarkom (dříve označovaný jako low grade endometriální stromální sarkom), který je tvořen buňkami stejného charakteru jako endometriální stromální uzel, typickým a diagnostickým rysem je však infiltrativní růst a/nebo přítomnost angioinvaze. High grade sarkomy jsou podle současné WHO klasifikace nádorů ženského genitálu z roku 2003 označovány jako nediferencované endometriální sarkomy, jedná se však o heterogenní skupinu zahrnující monomorfní variantu (dříve označovanou jako high grade endometriální stromální sarkom) a pleomorfní variantu. V následujícím textu je probrána klasifikace endometriálních stromálních nádorů a jejich základní morfologické, imunohistochemické a genetické znaky., Endometrial stromal tumors represent a group of benign, low grade malignant and high grade malignant neoplasms. Benign tumors of this group are called endometrial stromal nodules. These tumors are characterized by expansile, noninfiltrative margins and an absence of angioinvasion. In rare occurrences, protrusions of the tumor up to 3 mm can be present. Low grade malignant tumors, called endometrial stromal sarcomas, consist of tumor cells similar to those of endometrial stromal nodules. However, diagnostically typical feature is the more extensive myoinvasion than is allowable in an endomterial stromal nodule and/or the presence of angioinvasion. High grade sarcomas are, according to the current WHO classification of tumors of female genital tract (2003), called undifferentiated endometrial sarcomas. This category includes the monomorphic type (formerly high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma) and the pleomorphic type. In this review we summarize the classification of endometrial stromal tumors including their basic morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic features., Pavel Dundr, and Lit.: 20
Polystomatid monogeneans have a wide diversity of life cycles correlated with the varied ecology and behaviour of their aquatic vertebrate hosts. Typically, transmission involves a swimming infective larva but most hosts are amphibious and invasion is interrupted when hosts leave water. A key life cycle adaptation involves a uterus that, in the most specialised cases, may contain several hundred fully-developed larvae prepared for instant host-to-host transmission. By contrast, one subfamily of the Polystomatidae - the Polystomoidinae, specific to chelonians (freshwater turtles) - has a simplified reproductive system without a uterus. Recently, Polystomoides nelsoni Du Preez et Van Rooyen, 2015 has been described with a uterus containing multiple eggs. The present study explores the exceptional interest of this parasite - for the functional biology of egg production, for the evolution of a reproductive system unique amongst ca 60 species in the subfamily, and for systematic relationships. A new genus is proposed, Uteropolystomoides gen. n., separate from the four currently-recognised genera Polystomoides Ward, 1917, Uropolystomoides Tinsley et Tinsley, 2016, Neopolystoma Price, 1939 and Polystomoidella Price, 1939 which lack a uterus. In addition, U. nelsoni (Du Preez et Van Rooyen, 2015) comb. n. has a suite of distinctive copulatory stuctures: a massive genital bulb with an exceptionally large number of very long genital spines and hyper-development of the vaginal openings. These characters set U. nelsoni apart from all other polystomoidines worldwide except Polystomoides multifalx Stunkard, 1924 and P. stunkardi Harwood, 1931. Missing data for these latter species preclude definitive assessment of inter-relationships but the distinguishing characters of U. nelsoni, especially the unique occurrence of the uterus, suggest a novel evolutionary pathway isolated from other lineages of polystomatids infecting chelonians., Richard C. Tinsley., and Obsahuje bibliografii