Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a metalloenzyme that performs interconversion between CO2 and the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-). CAs appear among all taxonomic groups of three domains of life. Wide spreading of CAs in nature is explained by the fact that carbon, which is the major constituent of the enzyme’s substrates, is a key element of life on the Earth. Despite the diversity of CAs, they all carry out the same reaction of CO2/HCO3- interconversion. Thus, CA obviously represents a universal enzyme of the
carbon-based life. Within the classification of CAs, here we proposed the existence of an extensive family of CA-related proteins (γCA-RPs) - the inactive forms of γ-CAs, which are widespread among the Archaea, Bacteria, and, to a lesser extent, in Eukarya. This review focuses on the history of CAs discovery and integrates the most recent data on their classification, catalytic mechanisms, and physiological roles at various organisms., E. Kupriyanova, N. Pronina, D. Los., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Opakovaný a nezávislý vznik i následná rozmanitost šavlozubých predátorů náležejí mezi nejpozoruhodnější jevy historie života na Zemi. Ti tak představují jedinečný příklad konvergentní evoluce, který zahrnuje celou řadu sdílených, velmi efektivních adaptací, vedoucích k jejich mimořádnému evolučnímu úspěchu. Důvod jejich zániku, ač k tomu v průběhu kenozoika došlo vícekrát, zůstává nejasný a poskytuje tím vděčný námět k četným spekulacím. Naposledy tento zajímavý ekomorfotyp vymizel z přírody zhruba před deseti tisíci lety. Snad ne navždy., Multiple independent origins and great diversity of sabre-tooth predators are one of the most remarkable phenomena in the natural history of life. Sabre-tooth predators provide a unique example of the convergent evolution that involved many kinds of very efficient functional adaptations leading to their unprecedented evolutionary success. The reason for their demise, although occurring repeatedly during the Tertiary, remains unclear and offers a broad matter of speculation. Nevertheless, this interesting ecomorphotype completely disappeared from nature roughly 10,000 years ago, but may be not for ever., and Stanislav Knor.