The gender division of people into ‘men’ and ‘women’ is valid in all, even the smallest, human groups Identification of woman or man stems from the basic relation nature v. culture. Every human society is built on this ground. The goal of this essay is to analyse in which
way the childbirth determinates woman’s status in society. In case of cultural interpretation of childbearing, distinct identification of man and woman is made. The status of woman in society is derived from the main difference between men and women - the ability to give birth to progeny. Social structure which differentiates humankind from its animal progenitors is among others marked by every individual’s knowledge of his or her mother as well as father,
who is perceived as ‘pater’ not as ‘genitor’. For a woman, delivery means a break point accompanied by a rite of passage. Delivery can cause a change of woman’s status. The study focuses on these questions: what is the significance of childbirth for woman and her society? What kinds of socially accepted values can influence social status of woman? How is the dichotomy
mother-father created? Does the traditional social role of woman still exist in modern society?
Zhrnutie. Cieľom tohto prehľadového článku je popísať objektívne pôrodnícke a populačné faktory, ktoré sa podieľajú na vzniku posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy (PTSP) po pôrode, a tiež spôsoby, akými sa vzájomne ovplyvňujú so subjektívnymi faktormi, s cieľom identifikovať ženy, u ktorých je zvýšené riziko rozvoja symptómov PTSP po pôrode. Výsledky. Výskyt PTSP 4 až 6 týždňov po pôrode sa odhaduje na 5,77 % v celkovej populácii žien po pôrode a na 12,64 % v rizikovej subpopulácii. Pôrodnícke faktory sa javia byť do značnej miery mediované emocionálnou podporou rodiacej ženy zo strany zdravotníckeho personálu, ako aj prítomnosťou a podporou sprevádzajúcej osoby. Subjektívne vnímanie pôrodu rodiacimi ženami a miera kontroly, ktorú počas pôrodu pociťujú, patria medzi najsilnejšie faktory, ktoré ovplyvňujú riziko vzniku PTSP po pôrode. Včasná intervencia v podobe poskytovania dostatočných informácií a emocionálnej podpory počas pôrodu, ako aj v období po pôrode a rôzne formy sociálnej podpory znižujú riziko vzniku chronickej formy PTSP. Limity. Vzhľadom na špecifiká pôrodných systémov sa môže miera výskytu PTSP a zastúpenie rizikových faktorov v českom a slovenskom prostredí líšiť od výskytu a zastúpenia v krajinách, z ktorých pochádzajú zdroje zahrnuté v tomto prehľadovom článku. and Objectives. The aim of this article is to describe objective obstetric and population factors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth, the ways in which they interact with subjective factors, in order to identify those women who are at an increased risk of developing PTSD symptoms after delivery. Methods. The Web of Science database was used to search the literature. The keywords “posttraumatic stress disorder”, “PTSD”, “childbirth”, “trauma” and “risk factors” were entered. Out of 79 resulting articles in English, 48 articles dealing with the topic of postpartum PTSD were selected, of which 29 directly dealt with the identification and description of risk factors for the development of postpartum PTSD. Additional relevant literature has been obtained through the study of these articles. Results. The incidence of PTSD at 4-6 weeks after childbirth is estimated at 5.77% in the total population of postpartum women, and in the at-risk subpopulation, the estimate is 12.64%. Obstetric factors appear to be largely mediated by the emotional support of birthing woman from medical staff as well as by the presence and support of the accompanying person. Subjective perception of childbirth by the women giving birth, and the degree of control they feel during the birth process are among strongest factors which influence the risk of developing PTSD after childbirth. Early intervention in the form of providing comprehensive information and emotional support during childbirth, as well as in the postpartum period, and various forms of social support reduce the risk of developing a chronic form of PTSD. Study limitations. Due to the specifics of childbirth systems across geographies, the incidence rate of PTSD and the representation of risk factors in the Czech and Slovak environments can differ from the incidence and representation of those countries included in the resources for this review article.