This article examines the thoughts of Ali Abd al-Raziq, an important Egyptian scholar and author of a book called Islam and the Bases of Rule (al-Islam wa Usul al-Hukm), published in 1925. In this work, Abd al-Raziq presented fundamental arguments in support of the separation of religion and politics, which were fully supported by a very original analysis of Islam's holy text, the Quran, as well as by the historical situation of the Muslim community at the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Although the publication of this book caused a great scandal in Egypt, with its author being forced to withdraw from Egyptian public life for quite a long period of time, the arguments contained in the book represent an important contribution to the debates about the desirable degree of linkage between Islam and politics in the Muslim world., Jan Kondrys., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Czechoslovak Oriental studies were founded as a result of the lifework of Alois Musil, a Czech researcher of rural Moravian origin. In the independent Czechoslovak Republic President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk played a profound role in influencing Musil´s important decisions and subsequent actions. In 1919, after the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Musil wanted to leave Vienna and continue his lectures at Charles University inPrague. This resulted in a political campaign against him. Musil was criticized by nationalistic circles in Prague, which induced the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs to inquire of the French and British governments as to whether they might have any objections to Musil´s appointment as a tenured professor, given his activities during the war. Britain and France had no objections and in January 1920 Alois Musil was appointed Professor of Oriental sciences and modern Arabic at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague., Pavel Žďárský., and Obsahuje seznam literatury