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2. Eothalassius, a new genus of parathalassiine flies (Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae) from Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea
- Creator:
- Shamshev, Igor V. and Grootaert, Patrick
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Taxonomy, Diptera, Empidoidea, Dolichopodidae, Parathalassiinae, Eothalassius, new genus, new species, and Oriental region
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A new genus of parathalassiine-like flies, Eothalassius gen. n., and two new species, Eothalassius platypalpus sp. n. (type species), E. gracilis sp. n., are described from the coasts of Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea. The phylogenetic relationships of the new genus with other genera assigned to Parathalassiinae and Dolichopodidae are discussed.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3. Exploitation of kairomones and synomones by Medetera spp. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), predators of spruce bark beetles
- Creator:
- Hulcr, Jiri, Pollet, Marc, Ubik, Karel, and Vrkoč, Jan
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Dolichopodidae, Medetera setiventris, Medeteramelancholica, predator, Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Picea abies, volatiles, semiochemicals, kairomones, pheromones, and monoterpenes
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The semiochemical relationships in a predator-prey-host plant system were studied by a series of multiple-choice field assays. The studied system included predatory flies of the genus Medetera (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), the bark beetles Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) as prey and Norwegian spruce (Picea abies) as the host plant. Of the nine species of predators collected, only M. setiventris and M. melancholica provided sufficient data for statistical analysis. The response of the predators to monoterpenic products of the host (alpha-pinene, limonene, camphor), pheromone compounds of I. typographus (S-cis-verbenol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol) and a mixture of the pheromones of I. typographus and P. chalcographus were investigated. Our field trials revealed that tree volatiles plus pheromones of the prey, and a pheromone mixture of both prey species were considerably more attractive to M. setiventris and M. melancholica than the individual chemicals. Medetera seem to respond to the stage of tree decay and the intensity of bark beetle infestation via the ratios of tree volatiles and/or prey pheromones.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
4. Nearctic Achalcinae with a first Australachalcus species of North America (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
- Creator:
- Pollet, Marc A. A.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Achalcus, Australachalcus, Nearctic, North America, and distribution
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Both sexes of Achalcus bicolor sp.n., Achalcus longicercus sp.n., and Australachalcus latipennis sp.n. are described as additions to the Nearctic achalcine fauna. Diagnoses of five unnamed Achalcus species represented only by females are given. A key to Nearctic males and females including 10 unnamed species is provided. The new Achalcus records considerably extend the known distribution of the genus in North America, especially in the central and eastern states. Australachalcus latipennis sp.n. is the first known Nearctic species of this predominantly Neotropical and New Zealand genus. Achalcus bicolor sp.n. from Montana, Manitoba and Ontario clearly belongs to the Achalcus flavicollis species group. The eastern Achalcus longicercus sp.n. is not included in the latter species group due to the lack of a dorsal bristle on tibia I and the absence of a preapical anterodorsal bristle on femur III in both sexes. It features postgonites with strong hook-like apical processes possibly unique to this species. The presence and number of dorsal bristles on tibia I seem to be of both diagnostic and phylogenetic relevance. All northern achalcine species were collected between June and September, whereas some Californian species were taken in May and Australachalcus latipennis sp.n. from Arizona in October - November.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5. Phylogeny of European Dolichopus and Gymnopternus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) and the significance of morphological characters inferred from molecular data
- Creator:
- Bernasconi, Marco Valerio, Pollet, Marc, Varini-Ooijen, Manuela, and Ward, Paul Irvine
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Dolichopus, Ethiromyia, Gymnopternus, Europe, mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b, morphology, ecology, and distribution
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Dolichopodidae (over 6000 described species in more than 200 genera) is one of the most speciose families of Diptera. Males of many dolichopodid species, including Dolichopus, feature conspicuous ornaments (Male Secondary Sexual Characters) that are used during courtship. Next to these MSSCs, every identification key to Dolichopus primarily uses colour characters (postocular bristles; femora) of unknown phylogenetic relevance. The phylogeny of Dolichopodidae has rarely been investigated, especially at the species level, and molecular data were hardly ever involved. We inferred phylogenetic relationships among 45 species (57 samples) of the subfamily Dolichopodinae on the basis of 32 morphological and 1415 nucleotide characters (810 for COI, 605 for Cyt-b). The monophyly of Dolichopus and Gymnopternus as well as the separate systematic position of Ethiromyia chalybea were supported in all analyses, confirming recent findings by other authors based purely on morphology. Within Dolichopus, stable species groups could be assigned to four distinct categories on the basis of their statistical support in 7 phylogenetic analyses: (i) clades significantly supported in all analyses, (ii) clades supported in trees based on DNA and combined data, but only partly in morphological trees, (iii) clades significantly supported in trees based on DNA and combined data, but not in morphological trees, and (iv) clades consistently supported only in morphological trees. The phylogeny generated here provides a better understanding of the phylogenetic relevance of some debated morphological characters used for species and species-group characterizations in the most commonly used identification keys. In this respect, postocular bristle colour proved of little phylogenetic relevance since every group with species featuring black bristles also included species with partly yellow bristles. Entirely or partly infuscated femora explained the nodes of three stable species groups and even revealed an incorrect polarity of this morphological character in three species. Four of 6 complex MSSCs and 5 of 8 more common MSSCs were found consistently in further species groups.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public