The creation of the Portuguese overseas empire began after 1415 in the Atlantic area and gradually transformed itself into a multi-continental phenomenon. Around 1500, there was a period of particular expansion into Asia and Morocco, with a further consolidation of their position in Africa and Brazi. Although the king had tried to isolate the state from contemporary European events and had been engaged exclusively in activities on the world stage, the rather small and sparsely populated country began to run out of steam. The result was the enforced renunciation of her interests in North Africa (1542-1550), which had previously attracted more of the Crown's interest that the Orient. However, thereafter, the privileged position of the East in the Portuguese empire was never questioned, at least not at the ideological level., Karel Staněk., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This contribution analyses several photographs made by Czechoslovak legionaries; these photographs capture various aspects of Buryat Buddhism in Cis-Baikalia - monks, lay people, their cult structures, temples and shrines and also interiors, altars etc. The set of about twenty photographs of this type were found in the Central Military Archive of the Czech Republic in Prague, they have not been precisely identified and have a remarkable testimonial value. They capture the state of Buryat Buddhism before the Bolshevik revolution whose effects became apparent in this region only after the departure of foreign intervention armies, including Czechoslovak legionaries. It is not an extensive and systematically created set; the photographs were discovered more or less by accident and they do not represent a targeted collection. Nevertheless their historical value is significant and they illustrate the situation around Lake Baikal very well., Luboš Bělka., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
This paper deals with the causes of the Arab Spring in Yemen. It analyses political causes such as the system of political patronage and both the internal and external conflicts, which have weakened the state at multiple levels. It also discusses the social and economic causes, such as poverty, unemployment and the problems of oil, qat and water. This combination of political and socioeconomic factors, fuelled by the protests in Tunisia and Egypt, created a revolution, which led to the overthrow of the president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had ruled Yemen for 33 years., Veronika Kramáreková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the years following the June 1967 War, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict intruded on Lebanese political life. This development, in combination with the demographic and political changes taking place inside Lebanon itself, upset the country's fragile sectarian balance and plunged it into fifteen years of vicious and destructive civil war. The civil war was not an exclusively Lebanese affair; it was precipitated by the Palestinian presence in the country. Support for the Palestinians came primarily from Muslims alienated by the existing system, which benefited the political leaders and their associates but failed to provide basic social services to broad sections of the population. The social and economic grievances of Muslims were compounded by the sectarian arrangements that continued to favour the coutry's Christians., Karol Sorby., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article aims to summarize the main moments of the modernization process of Vietnamese literature, which was triggered by the penetration of the French into Vietnam in the second half of the 19th century. It was the press and magazines that played a major part in the transformation of Vietnamese literature as well as translations of Western and Chinese literature that inspired Vietnamese writers in their creative endeavors. The modernization movement culminated in 1925, when first two modern Vietnamese novels were published and Vietnamese literature found its own voice., Mária Strašáková., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
The author describes religious practise of Rinzai Zen monastery in today´s Japan, its outer form and underlying principles. Japanese Buddhism is organized as a structure of head temples with its subtemples, where resident zen priests perform religious rituals for their parishioners. It is a zen monastery, where religious training of those wishing to become a zen priest takes place. A army-like strictness of Rinzai monastery has its own sense. By rigorous daily regime, minute formal principles, zen meditation and koan practise monk is learning to forget himself and behave according notion of no-self. For a zen monk this means years of self-denying and pain but should finally lead to a kesho (awakening). and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
The article deals with one of the traditional Sufi rituals, hadra, in the context of the religious practice of the successful contemporary tariqa, or Islamic mystical order, Naqshbandiyya Haqqaniyya. The article is based primarily on my own observations and experiences from field work realized in various Haqqani communities between 2008 and 2009. Apart from the actual ritual of hadra, attention i salso paid to another, rather exceptional ritual connected with a relic of the Prophet Muhammad., Daniel Křížek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article deals with different interpretations of Salafism. Salafism is most commonly identified with two periods: the classical medieval Salafism associated with the 14th-century scholar Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328), and the Salafism of the 18th-century movements of revival and reform. classical Salafism emerged as theologic and juridical movement in Sunni Islam. however, Ibn Taymiyya influenced modern Salafis by two differents ways. Some strictly followed his traditionalist theology based on Koran and hadith literature and - to some extent - even his call for ijtihad, while others were not strictly following his teachings. These later mentioned were not traditionalist (ahl al-hadith) but rather modernists, who inclined deliberately to more racional interpretation. That is why later Salafis, despite their common use of the term Salafi, represented two movements that were in fact very different. nowadays, only traditionalist Salafism is of significance, being part of Globa Islam., Pavel Ťupek., and Obsahuje bibliografii