In this study the hydraulic and solute transport properties of an unsaturated soil were estimated simultaneously from a relatively simple small-scale laboratory column infiltration/outflow experiment. As governing equations we used the Richards equation for variably saturated flow and a physical non-equilibrium dual-porosity type formulation for solute transport. A Bayesian parameter estimation approach was used in which the unknown parameters were estimated with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method through implementation of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Sensitivity coefficients were examined in order to determine the most meaningful measurements for identifying the unknown hydraulic and transport parameters. Results obtained using the measured pressure head and solute concentration data collected during the unsaturated soil column experiment revealed the robustness of the proposed approach.
Beccarianische Wende in der Straftatauffassung in der Konfrontation mit dem Strafrecht in Ungarn und Habsburger Monarchie im 18. und am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts.
Estimation of hydraulic and geometric parameters of a gravel-bed river such as dimensions of bedforms is very difficult task, although they play a fundamental role in river engineering projects. One of the methods to get essential information regarding the bedform characteristics is to find the relations between the flow parameters and bedform dimensions. We conducted this field study in the Babolroud River in northern Iran to investigate the application of double averaged method in unspecific gravel bedforms to evaluate friction factor. Using data collected from several river reaches with total length of 356 m of a gravel-bed river, the relationship between bedform geometry (height and the length of bedforms) and flow parameters including shear velocity, transport stage parameter with friction factor is investigated.
Different methods for estimating bedforms dimensions are examined to assess the ability of predicting bedform parameters (length and height) in a gravel-bed river. Using bedform parameters, the contribution of particle and form friction is estimated. Results confirm the application of the double averaged method and existing bedform parameters for unspecific bedforms. There exists a similar trend between aspect ratio and friction factor in gravel bedforms.
Twelve predictive bedload sediment transport equations are rated against 14 sets of gravel-bed river field data collected by handheld bedload sampler in Narmab River, northeastern Iran. To evaluate these formulas two types of grain size namely bedload and bed material were used. The results show that the equations of Engelund and Hansen, Van Rijn and Einstein perform well with bed material grain size, while Shocklitsch, Meyer-Peter and Mueller, and Frijlink yield the best results using the bedload grain size.
Bedload transport observed during a flood in May 2010 gave rise to several forms of accumulations in small headwater basins located in the Western Flysch Carpathian Mountains, Czech Republic. We have investigated critical conditions of incipient motion of the largest boulders deposited during a c. Q100 flood event (flood competence method). We have tested several formulas designed for high gradient streams in two small basins in the conditions of local mid-mountain relief. The results show that a flood of such a magnitude is able to transport almost all surface bed material and that bedload transport in steep headwater streams (A ≤ 1 km2 ) is probably less selective as for the grain size than that in lower gradient gravel-bed streams. The authors discuss the importance of local basin predispostion factors in order to determine critical conditions for the onset of bedload transport. and Dnový transport sedimentů zapříčinil během květnových povodní v roce 2010 vznik různých typů akumulací v malých pramenných tocích nacházejících se ve flyšových pohořích Západních Karpat. Studie se zaměřuje na určení kritických podmínek nutných pro uvedení největších klastů do pohybu, jež byly následně uloženy do akumulací během této cca Q100 povodně (metoda účinnosti povodně). V rámci výzkumu byly ověřeny některé rovnice vytvořené pro vysokogradientové toky na dvou malých povodích v podmínkách reliéfu hornatin. Výsledky ukazují, že povodeň takové intenzity je schopna transportovat téměř celou povrchovou vrstvu sedimentů a dnový transport je na malých povodích pravděpodobně méně velikostně selektivní než v tocích s nižším gradientem dna. Důraz byl kladen také na lokální predizpoziční faktory ovlivňující kritické podmínky pro uvedení určité velikostní frakce sedimentů do pohybu.