Východisko a cíl: Prognóza inoperabilního karcinomu jícnu je velmi závažná, léčba těchto pacientů je paliativní. Cílem sdělení je retrospektivní hodnocení intraluminální brachyterapie vysokým dávkovým příkonem nádorové stenózy inoperabilního karcinomu jícnu. Pacienti a metody: Od února 1996 do června 2011 bylo intraluminální brachyterapií léčeno 41 pacientů s karcinomem jícnu, z toho v 19 případech se jednalo o dlaždicobuněčný karcinom a ve 22 případech o adenokarcinom. U všech pacientů byla před zahájením brachyterapie přítomna dysfagie. Výsledky: U většiny pacientů došlo po brachyterapii k úlevě polykacích obtíží. Medián doby přežití činil 396 dní (95 % CI: 270–492 dní). Nebyla pozorována mechanická komplikace zavedení brachyterapeutického aplikátoru. Závěr: Intraluminální brachyterapie je účinná a bezpečná paliativní metoda léčby dysfagie způsobené nádorovou stenózou jícnu. Background and purpose: The prognosis of inoperable carcinomas of esophagus is poor, and therapeutic efforts are generally limited to palliation. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy in the palliative treatment of tumorous esophageal stenoses. Patients and methods: Between February 1996 and June 2011 intraluminal brachytherapy was performed in 41 patients with esophageal carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma in 19 cases and adenocarcinoma in 22 cases). All patients had dysphagia at presentation. Brachytherapy was performed using high dose rate afterloading system. Results: Dysphagia was improved in majority of patients. The median survival was 396 days (95 % CI: 270–492 days). No mechanical complication was observed during introduction of the applicator. Conclusion: Our experience indicates that intraluminal brachytherapy is an effective and safe method of palliation of dysphagia caused by malignant esophageal stenosis., Background and purpose: The prognosis of inoperable carcinomas of esophagus is poor, and therapeutic efforts are generally limited to palliation. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy in the palliative treatment of tumorous esophageal stenoses. Patients and methods: Between February 1996 and June 2011 intraluminal brachytherapy was performed in 41 patients with esophageal carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma in 19 cases and adenocarcinoma in 22 cases). All patients had dysphagia at presentation. Brachytherapy was performed using high dose rate afterloading system. Results: Dysphagia was improved in majority of patients. The median survival was 396 days (95 % CI: 270–492 days). No mechanical complication was observed during introduction of the applicator. Conclusion: Our experience indicates that intraluminal brachytherapy is an effective and safe method of palliation of dysphagia caused by malignant esophageal stenosis., David Buka, Josef Dvořák, Jiří Petera, Linda Kašaová, Jana Bedrošová, Milan Zouhar, Petr Paluska, Igor Sirák, Igor Richter, Milan Vošmik, Zdeněk Zoul, and Literatura
Optimální léčba lokalizovaného karcinomu prostaty není přesně definována. Je možné použít radikální prostatektomii, zevní radioterapii, brachyterapii nebo v některých případech taktiku aktivního sledování. Intersticiální brachyterapie je jedním z přístupů, který se v posledních letech velmi rychle rozvíjí vlivem rozvoje ultrazvukem navigované technologie, nových radioizotopů a dokonalejšími plánovacími systémy. Je vynikající metodou k dodání vysoké dávky do prostaty při velmi nízkém procentu vážných komplikací. Brachyterapie může být provedena technikou trvalého zavedení radioizotopů do prostaty (permanentní aplikace) nebo technikou vysokodávkové dočasné brachyterapie. Obě metody je možné a v některých případech i vhodné kombinovat se zevní radioterapií. Nejlepší technika brachyterapie však není známá a její výběr závisí značně i na zkušenostech pracoviště. Kromě léčebných výsledků je velmi důležité znát i možné nežádoucí účinky léčby s ohledem na kvalitu života pacientů., The optimal treatment for localized prostate cancer has not been clearly defined. It is possible to use radical prostatectomy, external radiotherapy, brachytherapy or, in some cases, the strategy of active surveillance. In recent years, interstitial brachytherapy has been advancing rapidly due to the development of ultrasound-guided techniques, new radioisotopes and more advanced planning systems. It is an excellent method for high-dose delivery within the prostate with a very low rate of serious complications. Brachytherapy can be performed by permanent implantation of radioisotopes into the prostate or by using high-dose rate temporary brachytherapy. Both methods can and, in some cases, should be combined with external radiotherapy. However, the best technique for brachytherapy has not been determined and the selection largely depends on the expertise of the staff. In addition to treatment outcomes, it is of major importance to be aware of the possible adverse effects of treatment with respect to the quality of life of patients., Renata Soumarová, and Lit.: 29
Brachyterapie je metoda léčby zářením, při které se radioaktivní zdroje zavádějí přímo do oblasti nádoru. Umožňuje aplikaci vysoké dávky záření v krátkém čase a dosažení vysokého stupně lokální kontroly nádoru. Největší klinická zkušenost byla získána s brachyterapií s kontinuálním nízkým dávkovým příkonem (0,4–2,0 Gy/hod), kdy se zářiče zaváděly manuálně. V současně době byla tato metoda nahrazena na většině pracovišť automatickými afterloadingovými přístroji využívajícími vysoký dávkový příkon (> 12 Gy/hod) a frakcionaci. U časných ORL nádorů lze užít brachyterapii jako samostatnou léčebnou metodu. Její výhodou v porovnání s chirurgickou léčbou je většinou lepší kosmetický a funkční efekt, v porovnání se zevním ozařováním lepší kontrola nádoru a eliminace postradiační xerostomie. U rozsáhlejších nádorů je brachyterapie indikována k navýšení dávky po zevní radioterapii. Lze ji použít i pro léčbu recidiv v ozářeném terénu. Klasickými indikacemi jsou nádory dutiny ústní, orofaryngu a nasofaryngu. Přes současný technologický pokrok metod zevní radioterapie zůstává brachyterapie důležitou léčebnou modalitou u nádorů ORL., Brachytherapy is a method of radiation treatment, when the radioactive sources are directly applicated into the tumor region. Brachytherapy allows to deliver high doses to the tumor in a short time with excellent local tumor control. The largest experience was achieved with continual low dose rate brachytherapy (0.4–2Gy/hr) and manual insertion of sources. Recently this method was mostly replaced by automatic afterloading devices and high dose rate (> 12Gy/hr) fractionated treatment. Brachytherapy can be used in early stages of head and neck cancer as a sole treatment method. The advantage in comparison with surgery is a better functional and cosmetic outcome and in comparison with external beam radiotherapy a better tumor control and absence of xerostomia. In locally advanced tumors brachytherapy can be used for dose escalation of external beam radiotherapy. Brachytherapy is also useful for salvage treatment of recurrences after previous radiotherapy. Classical indications are oral cancer, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal tumors. Despite technological advances of external beam radiotherapy brachytherapy remains a very important treatment method in head and neck tumors., Jiří Petera, and Literatura 13
Příspěvek se zabývá složitými otázkami závorkových paradoxu. Po přehledu nejvlivnějších teorií následuje stručný náčrt základních principů onomaziologické teorie slovo-tvorby, která tvoří základ nového přístupu k problematice závorkových paradoxů. Tento jev je doložen více příklady, které ilustrují, že pojem závorkových paradoxů se váže na určitá teoretická východiska a není nezbytným a inherentním znakem anglické slovo-tvorby.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to demonstrate the brain activation during volitional control of breathing in nine healthy human subjects. This type of breathing was induced by acoustic stimuli dictating the respiratory frequency. During the period of dictated breathing not only the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, but also the parietal lobes were bilaterally activated. The frontal lobe was activated bilaterally in all subjects, with frequent activation of Brodmann areas 4 and 6. In the parietal lobe, activation could mostly be demonstrated in gyrus postcentralis and the same was true for area 22 in the temporal lobe., V. Šmejkal, R. Druga, J. Tintěra., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Sexual differences in the total content of ribosomal RNA, established by cytophotometric measurements in neurones from selected brain regions, were studied in rats of the Wistar strain. In females of reproductive age, cyclic changes of RNA were synchronized with their oestrous cycle, the values being higher in the oestrous phase than in dioestrus. These changes were observed in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and of the frontal cortex, in cells of anterior thalamus, of ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus and of tuberculi olfactorii. However, cycling cells were not disclosed in septum and thalamus posterior. A dependence upon the actual level of ovarial hormones was found in ventromedial hypothalamic cells only. In general, the RNA values in males of the same age corresponded to values of dioestrous females. The differences between newborn and 7-day-old pups were not marked enough and did not allow to define the critical period responsible for initiation of this sexual difference. In senescent rats, this difference persisted. During the stable phase of long-lasting dioestrus, the total RNA content in cells of the frontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus was higher in females than in males of the same age which may suggest a faster reduction of this substance in aged males. The prolonged influence of oestrogens in the oestrous phase of the climacteric period (preceding the permanent dioestrus) decreased the RNA values in hippocampal and hypothalamic neurones even below the level established during the permanent dioestrus (and thus reached male values). On the contrary, in frontal cortical neurones, the female values remained higher in the permanent dioestrus as well as during long-lasting oestrus. A discussion concerns the possible participation of genetic determination and of the actual state of ovarial hormones in the manifestation of sexual differences in brain cells of the rat.
The adult human brain represents only 2 % of the body's total weight, however it is one of the most metabolically active organs in the mammalian body. Its high metabolic activity necessitates an efficacious waste clearance system. Besides the blood, there are two fluids closely linked to the brain and spinal cord drainage system: interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this review is to summarize the latest research clarifying the channels of metabolite removal by fluids from brain tissue, subarachnoid space (SAS) and brain dura (BD). Special attention is focused on lymphatic vascular structures in the brain dura, their localizations within the meninges, morphological properties and topographic anatomy. The review ends with an account of the consequences of brain lymphatic drainage failure. Knowledge of the physiological state of the clearance system is crucial in order to understand the changes related to impaired brain drainage.
Over a century ago, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes was noted as a histopathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis and was hypothesized to play an important role in the development and course of this disease. However until today, the factual contribution of astrocytes to multiple sclerosis is elusive. Astrocytes may play an active role during degeneration and demyelination by controlling local inflammation in the CNS, provoking damage of oligodendrocytes and axons, and glial scarring but might also be beneficial by creating a permissive environment for remyelination and oligodendrocyte precursor migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Recent findings from our lab suggest that brain lipid binding protein (FABP7) is implicated in the course of multiple sclerosis and the regulation of astrocyte function. The relevance of our findings and data from other groups are highlighted and discussed in this paper in the context of myelin repair., M. Kipp ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy