Studie pojednává na třech úrovních (celostátní, regionální a jedné školní třídy) o tom, jak politické spory v poválečném Československu pronikaly do života studentů středních škol. Podle autora podstatná část veřejně aktivních středoškoláků odmítala být v letech 1946–1948 součástí jednotného Svazu české mládeže, úzce spolupracujícího s Komunistickou stranou Československa, a usilovala o vytvoření samostatného Svazu středoškolského studentstva. Přes zřetelnou podporu ze strany Československé strany národněsocialistické a Československé strany lidové byly však pokusy o legalizaci nového svazu středoškoláků až do února 1948 neúspěšné. V západočeském regionu byly navíc emancipační projevy středoškolských organizací posilovány převládajícími sympatiemi studentů k západní kultuře a široce rozšířenou úctou k americké armádě, která zdejší území osvobodila na konci druhé světové války. V Plzni proto vznikla již na přelomu let 1945 a 1946 nezávislá Krajská středoškolská rada, která posléze začala vydávat vlastní prozápadně orientovaný časopis Studentský hlasatel, distribuovaný i do dalších regionů. Po únoru 1948 plzeňští středoškoláci vyvolali několik protestních demonstrací a inklinovali k zakládání „odbojových“ organizací přímo na školách. Na příkladu jedné „ilegální“ skupiny vytvořené na obchodní akademii v Plzni studie konkrétně ukazuje, jakým způsobem se někdejší příznivci Svazu české mládeže přetvářeli v nástroje poúnorové „očisty“ škol a dřívější odpůrci svazu naopak v protagonisty studentských „odbojových“ organizací i jaká naivita, dilemata a rizika provázely občas toto tříbení. and At three levels (state-wide, regional, and the class of one school) this article examines how political disputes in post-Second World War Czechoslovakia entered the lives of secondary-school students. According to the author, a substantial number of publicly active secondary-school students in 1946–48 refused to be part of the united Czech Youth Organization (Svaz české mládeže), which worked closely with the Czechoslovak Communist Party (CPCz), and sought instead to establish a separate Organization of Secondary-school Students (Svaz středoškolského studentstva). Despite clear support from the Czechoslovak National Social Party and the Czechoslovak Populist Party, the attempts to legalize the new association of secondary-school students before the Communist takeover in late February 1948 were unsuccessful. In the region of west Bohemia, moreover, the attempts at emancipation of secondary-school organizations were intensified by students’ sympathies for west European and American culture and by their widespread respect for the US Army, which had liberated west Bohemia towards the end of the Second World War. In Pilsen therefore an independent Regional Secondary-school Council (Krajská středoškolská rada) had emerged already in late 1945 and early 1946. It eventually began to publish its own pro-Western periodical, Studentský hlasatel (The Students’ Herald), which was distributed to other regions as well. After the Communist takeover, Pilsen secondary-school students clamoured for several protest demonstrations and tended to favour the establishment of ‘resistance’ organizations right at their schools. Using the example of one ‘underground’ group formed at a Pilsen business academy, the article demonstrates the way in which erstwhile adherents of the Czech Youth Organization became an instrument for the post-takeover ‘purges’ of schools, and shows how former opponents of the organization, by contrast, became joined student ‘resistance’ organizations and also how naivety, dilemmas, and risks sometimes accompanied this crystallization.
Podle recenzentky kniha přináší spoustu poznatků o organizování pomoci uprchlíkům před nacismem v předválečném Československu, přibližuje fungování a atmosféru uprchlických táborů a působivě seznamuje s řadou konkrétních lidských osudů. Chybí jí však snaha o celistvou interpretaci, zevšeobecňující závěry a také komparativní záběr. Významně narušuje mýtus první republiky jako bezpečného přístavu pro uprchlíky, přitom však nekompromisní kritikou státních restrickí bezděčně vytváří opačný mýtus, který by byl nepochybně relativizován srovnáním s poměry v dalších evropských zemích ve třicátých letech. and This work, according to the reviewer, provides a great deal of information about the organizing of aid to refugees of Nazism in pre-war Czechoslovakia. It also describes the operation and atmosphere of the refugee camps and movingly acquaints the reader with a number of actual life stories. It fails, however, to provide a unified interpretation, general conclusions, or a comparative picture. Importantly, it debunks the myth that the First Republic of Czechoslovakia was a haven for refugees. With its uncompromising criticism of the restrictions implemented by the Czechoslovak state, however, the work unconsciously creates a contrary myth, and would undoubtedly have been more balanced had it also attempted to compare Czechoslovak policy with that in other European countries in the 1930s.
Today university rankings and performance rankings (ot en based on JIFs, h-indexes) are believed to be indispensable to assure scientii c “quality”. Most of these performance rankings employ citation data provided by h omson Reuters. TR’s current inl uence on funding decisions, individual careers, institutions, disciplines and countries is immense and ambivalent. h ere is increasing resistance against “impactitis” and “evaluitis”. Usually overseen: Trivial errors in TR’s citation indexes (SCI, SSCI, AHCI) produce severe non-trivial ef ects: h eir victims are authors, institutions, journals with names beyond the ASCIIcode and scholars of humanities and social sciences. Based on the Joshua Lederberg Papers I claim: To overcome severe resistance Eugene Gari eld and Joshua Lederberg had to foster overoptimistic attitudes and to downplay the severe problems connected to global and multidisciplinary citation indexing. h e dii culties to handle dif erent formats of references and footnotes, non- Anglo-American names, and of publications in non-English languages were known to the pioneers of citation indexing., Dnešní žebříčky univerzit a výkonnosti (často založené na JIF a h-indexech) jsou považovány za nepostradatelné pro zajištění vědecké „kvality“. Většina z těchto žebříčku produktivity využívá citační údaje poskytnuté h omson Reuters. Současný vliv TR na rozhodování o i nancování, na individuální kariéry, instituce, obory a země je ohromný a ambivalentní. Odpor vuči „impaktitidě“ a „evaluatitidě“ se zvyšuje. Obvykle je přehlížena skutečnost, že triviální chyby v citačních indexech TR (SCI, SSCI, AHCI) mají závažné, netriviální následky: jejich obětmi jsou autoři, instituce, časopisy vymykající se ASCII-kódu a akademici v humanitních a sociálních vědách. Na základě rozboru Joshua Lederberg Papers tvrdím, že aby překonali tvrdý odpor, Eugene Gari eld a Joshua Lederberg museli protěžovat přehnaně optimistické postoje a zlehčovat vážné problémy spojené s globálními a multidisciplinárními citačními indexy. Obtíže plynoucí z ruzných formátu odkazu a poznámek, jiných než anglo-amerických jmen a publikací v jiných jazycích než v angličtině byly známy již prukopníkum citačních indexu., and Terje Tüür-Fröhlich.
Počátkem ledna 2016 se pooteřely dveře Nobelova archivu ve Stockholmu. Byly odtajněny materiály v české literatuře nepublikované, totiž návrhy na Nobelovy ceny za fyziku a za chemii z let 1955-65. Nobelovy ceny za fyziku udělené v tomto období měly dalekosáhlý význam pro tento vědní obor., Jiří Jindra., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article discusses the topic of national identification. The author's aim is to define the appropriate conceptual framework for describing nationality, while taking into account the pluralistic character of the nation and the related contextual and multi-levelled nature of national identification. In the author's view, the concept of 'identification' more accurately applies to individual nationality than the category of identity does, owing to the latter's undesirable subjectivism, methodological individualism, and its occasional references to an over-intellectualised concept of the individual. Scientists who use the second of these two terms tend, moreover, to conflate descriptions of individual and collective phenomena. In an effort to substantiate and elaborate his arguments the author draws on the Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek and presents an analysis of the national identification of the novel's multi-national protagonists. He demonstrates that national identification is multi-levelled and variable, depending on particular situations and institutional frameworks. The author's description shows that the best method of analysing individual nationality may be by examining the individual's set of social roles and institutions rather than describing individual identifications.
During the last couple of decades, paid childcare has become one of the central issues of feminist research. Agencies mediating childcare are a relatively new actor in childcare arrangements in the Czech Republic. This article argues that these agencies do not fill a gap in the market by offering childcare. Far from providing simple supply that reacts to a market demand, the agencies create the demand for specific care. Drawing upon qualitative research conducted with owners of these agencies, the text looks into the ways in which childcare is constructed. The issues of qualified, specialized, and professionalized care are discussed. The article aims to show that childcare in the agencies is deconstructed as a natural female activity and is reconstructed as a gendered activity requiring particular skills that are subjected to professional screening., Adéla Souralová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the years 2004 and 2005 a survey was conducted that focused on recording of authentic testimonies about the everyday lives of women in the country predominantly in the second half of the 20th century. Correspondents of the Czech Ethnographical Society, students and female seniors from different parts of the Czech Republic took part in the survey. this report reveals the results including characteristic quotations. The information was obtained from different localities on an uneven basis. There is a compact set of records from four villages in eastern Moravia and four authentic testimonies from Těšín region in the foothills of Beskydy Mountains. The information was either handwritten by the respondents, or their narration was recorded by the Czech Ethnographical Society correspondents, students of Silesian University or by a local chronicler. The outline of the research was available to everyone. We were above all interested in the changes which rural families had to go through in the second half of the 20th century due to collectivization of land and changes in social and economic conditions.
Bedřich Machulka was born on June 22, 1875. Since his youth he had been interested in Africa. However, only after meeting Richard Štorch he was able to realize his dreams. Together they parted for Africa. They settled in Tripolis in Libya and dedicated themselves in hunting and stuffing animals. Afterwards they moved to Sudan where they established a base for hunting expeditions. In the year 1927 Štorch died. Machulka moved his interest to eastern Africa. Since 1929 he had established a partnership with Duke Adolf Schwarzenberg (1890–1950). At the beginning their collaboration went on without problems. However, after Machulka failed to organize film recording in Kenya, the Duke did not entrust him anymore with organizing of other expeditions. This period of life of Machulka, until the year 1935, is well illustrated by letters that he exchanged with the Duke through the Schwarzenberg Office. Schwarzenberg valued Machulka highly for his professional and organizational qualities. Therefore, in spite of the mutual disagreements he found him a place of preserver and curator of small museum of ethnographic artifacts and trophies in the castle Ohrada (on the manor of Hluboká). There Machulka had worked throughout the Second World War until the year 1947, when all the properties of the Schwarzenbergs on the territory of Czechoslovakia were nationalized. Machulka finished his life in Prague in humble conditions. He died on March 6, 1954.