Řekne-li se Leonardo, vytanou nám na mysli názvy jeho nejznámějších malířských děl Madona ve skalách, Poslední večeře, Mona Lisa či Dáma s hranostajem. Teprve potom anatomické nebo technické náčrty, přestože jich je mnohem víc. Byl samouk, přitom však nejuniverzálnější z lidí v době, kdy všestrannost ještě nepatřila k nesplnitelným snům. Svými poznatky obohatil téměř všechny vědní oblasti doby, v níž žil - anatomii, fyziologii, botaniku, paleontologii, kartografii, geologii, matematiku, chemii, aerodynamiku, astronomii, optiku, mechaniku, hydrauliku i akustiku. Měl dobré důvody cítit se geniálním umělcem i učencem., Ivo Kraus., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Several studies address the question of which forest attributes are most important for the conservation of biodiversity. Unfortunately, there are no unequivocal answers because the response of a biological group to changes in forest structure depends on its natural history and scale of organization. It is important to increase our knowledge of the potential relationships between under studied groups of species and forest variables in order to adopt timber harvesting strategies not detrimental to biodiversity, especially in old-growth forests. We assessed the importance of 10 forest attributes and old-growth for Psychidae (Lepidoptera) species and communities. Research was carried out in 12 forest stands in a mountainous beech dominated landscape in southern Italy, in the middle of the Mediterranean Basin. Samples were collected in 2001 and 2013 and data were merged after pairwise comparison analyses that confirmed the long term stability of communities. Correspondence Analysis, Cluster Analysis and non-parametric Spearman Rank Order Correlation were used to identify determinants of Psychidae abundance and diversity. We collected 2,732 Psychidae belonging to 8 species. Correspondence analysis identified old-growth as the main determinant of communities. Most significant attributes for individual species were beech dominance, diameter at breast height and its standard deviation. For Taleporia defoliella there were positive correlations with these forest parameters, whereas for Psyche crassiorella the correlations were negative. This study underlined the importance of forest attributes associated with old-growth forests for sustaining biodiversity. These findings indicate the need to incorporate these attributes in forest planning, especially those aspects that are easily recognizable such as the number of large trees., Stefano Scalercio, Teresa Bonacci, Rosario Turco, Vincenzo Bernardini., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The Rožmberk family legend, which derived the origin of Bohemia´s leading aristocratic dynasty from the Roman Orsini, is usually attributed to Oldřich II of Rožmberk. This attribution however relies on indirect arguments. This article argues that the Orsini claim emerged at least a generation earlier. The conclusion relies on a letter which King Sigismund of Luxembourg addressed to the city commune of Trogir in Dalmatia in 1411 and which contains an allusion to the supposed kinship. The document surveved only as a seventeenth-century copy among papers of the Dalmatian scholar Giovanni Lucio. The internal signs of the writing as well as Lucio´s scholastic profile seem to exclude the possibility that Lucio would have forged it. The early emergence of the claim contradicts neither the broader context of the Orsini legend in various regions of the late-medieval Europe, nor other fifteenth-century documents so far known on the existence of the Orsini myth within the Rožmberk family. These documents, I suggest, shouldbe read in a different way as usual., Petr Maťa., and Obsahuje poznámky pod čarou
This paper presents biological notes on two species of Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae that emerged from old spongy-woody galls of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 collected in Sicily (Italy) in April 2015: Leptophyes sicula Kleukers, Odé et Fontana, 2010 (Phaneropterinae) and Cyrtaspis scutata (Charpentier, 1825) (Meconematinae). Between the end of April and the first few days of May a total of 30 neanids emerged from the galls, were reared and their life-cycle recorded. While L. sicula laid eggs in groups, C. scutata laid single eggs inside the galls; both species in a few years have adapted to exploiting this new shelter for egg laying. No interaction with the gall inducing insect was noted., Giuliano Cerasa, Bruno Massa., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Endemic Sicilian pond turtles Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, Joger et Wink were examined for the presence of haemogregarine parasites. The presence of haemogregarines, occurring mainly in the microgametocyte stage (13.2 ± 0.12 μm in length and 6.4 ± 0.52 μm in width), was observed in approximately 9% of the sampled E. trinacris. Based on the observed morphology and on the sequencing of nuclear 18S rDNA, we identified the parasite as Haemogregarina stepanowi Danilewsky, 1885. Morphometric study of uninfected and infected red blood cells has shown that H. stepanowi induces different changes in erythrocyte shape depending on the infective stage. The differential count of leukocytes in specimens infected with H. stepanowi showed no significant difference compared with healthy specimens. However, considering the health problems which might be induced by H. stepanowi in the closely related European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linneaus), monitoring of the health status of the infected Sicilian populations of E. trinacris is desirable. The restricted distribution of populations of Emys infected with haemogregarines in Sicily is quite puzzling and the possible human-mediated introduction of the parasite in Sicily is briefly discussed., Vincenzo Arizza, Francesco Sacco, Debora Russo, Rita Scardino, Marco Arculeo, Melita Vamberger, Federico Marrone., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Autor podle recenzenta zpracoval precizní, faktograficky bohatou a čtivou analýzu politických a diplomatických vztahů mezi Československem a Itáliím ve dvacátých letech minulého století, která je časově vymezena nástupem Mussoliniho fašistů k moci a ukončením smluvně založené spolupráce obou zemí. Tím se mu víceméně podařilo vyplnit jedno „bílé místo“ na mapě mezinárodních vztahů první Československé republiky. Recenzent mimo jiné oceňuje široké využití italských archivních pramenů a kritické hodnocení činů ministra zahraničí Edvarda Beneše, na druhé straně postrádá zachycení hospodářských vztahů mezi Prahou a Římem., Ondřej Houska, the author of the work under review (whose title translates as Prague against Rome: Czechoslovak-Italian Relations, 1922–29), has, according to the reviewer, created a readable work, based on the careful analysis of a great deal of information, about Czechoslovak-Italian political and diplomatic relations in the 1920s, from the coming to power of Mussolini and his Fascists to the breakdown of treaty-based cooperation between the two countries. In this way, he has largely succeeded in filling a gap in our knowledge of the international relations of the first Czechoslovak Republic. The reviewer praises, among other things, Houska’s use of a broad range of Italian archive records and his critical assessment of the actions of the Czechoslovak Minister of Foreign Affairs, Edvard Beneš (1884–1948). He argues, however, that the author has neglected economic relations between Prague and Rome., and [autor recenze] Miroslav Šepták.