The study is focused on the phenomenon of collective violence
that took place in the territory of the Czech lands during the spring and summer 1945. Albeit the war operations had been concluded since the 8th May 1945, general living conditions resembled rather a continuation of the war in the time - at least until the end of the July 1945. Despite the traditional interpretation of the May 1945 as a crucial reversal, the study focuses on the collective violence as a phenomenon overlapping traditional turning points. Remaining high amount of violent interactions is an element connecting the
final war operations with the first weeks and months after. Applying concepts of political sociology (Charles Tilly), social psychology (Philip Zimbardo) and sociology (Randall Collins) the study strives to capture interdependent nature of collective violence between its structural preconditions and situational dynamics. Based on the quantitative evaluation of the acts of collective violence, the first part outlines a macro social topography of collective violence with the main focus on the period between April and August 1945. The main point is an identification of key actors of the politics of collective
violence and their correlation to basic configurations of particular political regimes (i.e. occupational regime of the so called Protectorate and limited democratic regime of Czechoslovakia after May 1945). The second part evaluates social and cultural mechanisms facilitating escalation of violent situations into mass atrocities.The study identifies impulsive acts of collective violence as limited to temporary transitive violent rituals and turns attention
to the important role of the state organised specialists in concrete violent situations. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
The concept of dehumanization has received quite a lot of attention in recent decades. Its various forms have inconsistent conceptualization, but they also overlap to some extent. Researchers have argued that some groups are more vulnerable to dehumanization than others. One such group is people living with dementia. In this overview, a more comprehensive view of the dehumanization of this extremely vulnerable group by identifying three main attributes is presented. Dementia is a disease which does not have obvious physical signs and affects mainly people aged 65 and over. Therefore, stereotypes related to old age are likely to be activated first. Another attribute is patient status. In the health care and social care facilities, there is a relatively widespread type of communication that neglects individuality and contribute to the homogenization and objectification of all patients with the same diagnosis. The diagnosis of dementia is the last attribute. People with dementia have problems with social functioning that leads to social isolation. The authors argue that society has to play a key role in limiting the dehumanization of people living with dementia. The first step must be an appropriate approach to institutional care. One suitable approach is a patient-centered approach emphasizing a holistic approach to treatment and care based on the bio-psycho-social model of the disease. and Na koncept dehumanizácie sa v posledných dekádach upriamuje pomerne veľa pozornosti. Do centra záujmu sa dostávajú jej rôzne formy, ktoré majú často nejednotnú konceptualizáciu, ale do istej miery sa prekrývajú. Výskumníci sa zhodujú v tom, že niektoré skupiny sú náchylnejšie na dehumanizáciu ako iné. Takúto skupinu tvoria aj ľudia žijúci s demenciou. V tejto prehľadovej štúdii prinášame komplexnejší pohľad na možné spôsoby dehumanizácie tejto mimoriadne zraniteľnej skupiny prostredníctvom identifikovania troch hlavných atribútov. Keďže demencia je ochorenie, ktoré nemá zreteľné fyzické prejavy a postihuje najmä ľudí vo veku 65 a viac, ako prvé sa pravdepodobne aktivujú stereotypy, ktoré sa týkajú vysokého veku. Ďalším atribútom je status pacienta. V zdravotníckych a sociálnych zariadeniach je pomerne rozšírená forma komunikácie, ktorá zanedbáva individualitu a prispieva k homogenizácii a k objektivizácii všetkých pacientov s rovnakou diagnózou. Samotná diagnóza demencie je posledným atribútom. Sťažené sociálne fungovanie bráni udržaniu kontinuity osobnosti, čo má za následok sociálnu izoláciu. Z týchto dôvodov má spoločnosť kľúčovú úlohu v limitovaní dehumanizácie ľudí žijúcich s demenciou. Prvým krokom preto musí byť vhodný prístup v rámci inštitucionalizovanej starostlivosti. Jedným z vhodných prístupov je prístup zameraný na pacienta a holistický prístup k starostlivosti a liečeniu, vychádzajúci z bio-psycho-sociálneho modelu choroby.