The study is focused on the phenomenon of collective violence
that took place in the territory of the Czech lands during the spring and summer 1945. Albeit the war operations had been concluded since the 8th May 1945, general living conditions resembled rather a continuation of the war in the time - at least until the end of the July 1945. Despite the traditional interpretation of the May 1945 as a crucial reversal, the study focuses on the collective violence as a phenomenon overlapping traditional turning points. Remaining high amount of violent interactions is an element connecting the
final war operations with the first weeks and months after. Applying concepts of political sociology (Charles Tilly), social psychology (Philip Zimbardo) and sociology (Randall Collins) the study strives to capture interdependent nature of collective violence between its structural preconditions and situational dynamics. Based on the quantitative evaluation of the acts of collective violence, the first part outlines a macro social topography of collective violence with the main focus on the period between April and August 1945. The main point is an identification of key actors of the politics of collective
violence and their correlation to basic configurations of particular political regimes (i.e. occupational regime of the so called Protectorate and limited democratic regime of Czechoslovakia after May 1945). The second part evaluates social and cultural mechanisms facilitating escalation of violent situations into mass atrocities.The study identifies impulsive acts of collective violence as limited to temporary transitive violent rituals and turns attention
to the important role of the state organised specialists in concrete violent situations. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
The article is deals with ethnic cleansing, that is, the violent methods that constituted the central element of the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s. The article aims to show the fatal consequences of the military operations that were conducted with the aim of the ethnic homogenisation of the individual territories, and were rooted in the differences in the demographic development of the constituent peoples (the Serbs, Croatians, and Muslim Bosniaks) of Bosnia and Herzegovina before the outbreak of the confl ict and the impact of this development on the transformation of the ethnic composition of the individual regions. After defi ning the terms ''ethnic cleansing'' and ''genocide,'' the author analyses the character and extent of the violent local homogenisation that led to the greatest refugee crisis in Europe since the end of the Second World War. On the basis of a summary of the individual stages of the ethnic cleansing during the war from 1992 to 1995, the author seeks to demonstrate that the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina at fi rst erupted mainly in places that had, during the last two decades before the breakup of Yugoslavia, manifested the most striking changes in the ethnic representation of the constituent nations (chiefl y the Eastern Orthodox Serbs and the Muslims). In the second part of the text, the author focuses on analysing the strategic interests of the elites of the Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks and the forms these interests took during the violent ethnic homogenisation of the territory under their military control.
Stať se věnuje násilným praktikám, které představovaly ústřední prvek občanské války v Bosně a Hercegovině v devadesátých letech minulého století: etnickým čistkám. Jejím cílem je poukázat na fatální důsledky vojenských akcí, které byly vedeny za účelem etnické homogenizace jednotlivých území a které vyplývaly ze souvztažnosti mezi rozdílným demografickým vývojem konstitutivních národů Bosny a Hercegoviny (Srbů, Chorvatů a Muslimů - Bosňáků) před vypuknutím konfliktu a jeho dopadem na proměny národnostního složení jednotlivých regionů. Po teoretickém vymezení termínů „etnická čistka“ a „genocida“ autor analyzuje charakter a rozsah násilné homogenizace na lokální úrovni, jež vyvolala největší uprchlickou vlnu v Evropě od skončení druhé světové války. Příspěvek na základě souhrnného výčtu jednotlivých etap etnických čistek během válečných let 1992 až 1995 ukazuje, že občanská válka v Bosně a Hercegovině se na počátku rozhořela převážně v místech, která v posledních dvou dekádách před rozpadem Jugoslávie vykazovala nejvýraznější proměny etnického zastoupení konstitutivních národů (především Srbů a Muslimů). V druhé části autor soustředí pozornost na rozbor strategických zájmů národnostních elit Srbů, Chorvatů i Bosňáků a forem, jichž nabyly během násilné realizace etnické homogenizace území pod jejich vojenskou kontrolou., The article is concerned with ethnic cleansing, that is, the violent methods that constituted the central element of the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s. The article aims to show the fatal consequences of the military operations that were conducted with the aim of the ethnic homogenization of the individual territories, and were rooted in the differences in the demographic development of the constituent peoples (the Serbs, Croatians, and Muslim Bosniaks) of Bosnia and Herzegovina before the outbreak of the conflict and the impact of this development on the transformation of the ethnic composition of the individual regions. After defining the terms ‘ethnic cleansing’ and ‘genocide’, the author analyses the character and extent of the violent local homogenization that led to the greatest refugee crisis in Europe since the end of the Second World War. On the basis of a summary of the individual stages of the ethnic cleansing during the war from 1992 to 1995, the author seeks to demonstrate that the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina at first erupted mainly in places that had, during the last two decades before the breakup of Yugoslavia, manifested the most striking changes in the ethnic representation of the constituent nations (chiefly the Eastern Orthodox Serbs and the Muslims). In the second part, the author focuses on analysing the strategic interests of the elites of the Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks and the forms these interests took during the violent ethnic homogenization of the territory under their military control., Ondřej Žíla., and Obsahuje bibliografii