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4212. Indicko-čínský pohraniční spor: retropektiva po padesáti letech

Creator:
Jaroslav Strnad
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Dějiny Asie. Orient, pohraniční konflikty, mezinárodní spory, mezinárodní vztahy, border conflicts, international disputes, international relations, Indie, Čína, India, China, 8, and 94(5)
Language:
Czech
Description:
The short war waged in the autumn of 1962 between India and China for disputed territory in High Himalayas had a long-term devasting effect on the relations between the two Asian powers. The present first part of a study recapitulating the genesis of the dispute and subsequent road to military confrontation maps the origins of the problem in the colonial period of Indian history, with particular focus on changes in British cdecision making in the evolving international context. The one-sided furthering of territorial claims in the absence of a strong and determined adversary led, paradoxically, to parallel exdistence of several alternative frontier lines with no fixed and clearly demarcated border in existence along the extended Indo-Tibetan boundary. The second instalment will follow the developments in the dramatically changed conditions after the emergence in the 1950s of India and China as two strong independent nations., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

4213. Indicko-čínský pohraniční spor: retrospektiva po padesáti letech. II

Creator:
Jaroslav Strnad
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Sociologie kultury. Kulturní život, pohraniční konflikty, mezinárodní spory, mezinárodní vztahy, border conflicts, international disputes, international relations, Čína, Indie, China, India, 1, and 316.7
Language:
Czech
Description:
The new power configuration that emerged in the regions of South and East Asia in the wake of World War II and the following decolonization process introduced new players to the game of international politics; the roles played by them were orten inherited from the actors of the previous era. it was the general framework of the bipolar world system and the Cold War that represented a new element in traditional rivalries, and which had the capacity to exacerbate problems that had previously lain dormant. The genesis and escalation of the India-china border dispute, interconnected with the status of Tibet, which was viewed by China as part of her own territory and contemplated by India as a semi-independent buffer state, serves as a classic example. On the Indian side, the problem was further aggravated by the inability of the government to coordinate and fully control the activities of its iontelligence. The article follows the gradual development of the ambiguous approach of Indian foreign policy toward its northern neighbour and the silent Indian acquiescence of the involvement of the United States in the Tibetan issue up to the first bloody border clashes in 1959., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

4214. Indikativische tempora in inhaltssätzen im Deutschen

Creator:
Koutová, Marta
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
indicative, relative tenses, subordinate content clause, indirect speech, corpus, indikativ, relativní časy, vedlejší věta obsahová, nepřímá řeč, and korpus
Language:
Czech
Description:
The article deals with the development of analytic approaches to the use of specific tenses in the indicative mood in German subordinate content clauses, as presented in German linguistics. The author presents the results of her own research based on the examples of subordinate content clauses found in the Mannheim corpus of German texts. According to the latest German scholarship, there are two principles governing the tense distribution in the indicative mood in subordinate content clauses introduced by a verb in the past tense: 1. the perspective of speaker 1, i.e. the point of view of the characters in the story, 2. the perspective of speaker 2, i.e. the point of view of the narrator. The first principle is comparable to the principle governing the use of the tenses in subordinate content clauses in Slavic languages, the second principle is comparable to the sequence of tenses used in English and other Germanic languages. The first principle finds its use more in the spoken or non-standard discourse, the second one is typical for standard German. The present paper focuses on sentences consisting of a past-tense main clause and one embedded content clause that allows the alternation between present tense and preterite (...dass sie schwanger ist vs. ...dass sie schwanger war), as attested in the Mannheim corpus. The analysis essentially confirms the existing approaches and theories but it also brings new findings, which call for adjusting the current views and which pose new questions for more comprehensive corpus-based research. and Článek se zabývá vývojem názorů německé lingvistiky na problematiku užití indikativních časů v nepřímé řeči, resp. šířeji ve větách obsahových v němčině. Ve druhé části článku jsou představeny výsledky krátkého výzkumu, který byl proveden na příkladech vět obsahových získaných z korpusu mannheimského IDS. Podle nejnovějších publikovaných poznatků existují v němčině dva způsoby užití indikativních časů ve větách obsahových uvozených slovesem v minulém čase: a) z pozice mluvčího 1, tj. z perspektivy postav; b) z pozice mluvčího 2, tj. z perspektivy vypravěče. První způsob je srovnatelný se způsobem užití časů ve větách obsahových ve slovanských jazycích, druhý způsob je srovnatelný s časovou sousledností v angličtině a dalších germán-ských jazycích. První způsob se více uplatňuje v mluveném či nespisovném projevu, druhý způsob je typický pro němčinu spisovnou. Analýza souboru vět s řídící větou v minulém čase a jedinou konkrétní závislou větou obsahovou, v níž si konkurují prézens a préteritum (...dass sie schwanger ist vs. ...dass sie schwanger war) z mannheimského korpusu v podstatě potvrdily dosavadní poznatky a teorie, nicméně přinášejí i některé korigující informace, resp. poznatky podněcující k rozsáhlejšímu korpusovému výzkumu.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

4215. Indikátory obav z kriminality v českých sociálněvědních výzkumech

Creator:
Eva Krulichová
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
strach, kriminalita, sociální výzkum, fear, crime, social research, Česko, Czechia, fear of crime, feeling of safety, 18, and 316
Language:
Czech
Description:
While fear of crime is frequently discussed internationally, it is currently addressed by only a limited number of Czech studies. The aim of the paper is to present the main methodological concepts that have infl uenced the research on fear of crime and the design of indicators by which this phenomenon is measured. Furthermore, we evaluate and compare fear of crime measures in three surveys - the Euro-Justis pilot project, the fi fth wave of the large-scale international European Social Survey and a survey of the Public Opinion Research Centre - and provide information about whether and to what extent people fear crime. The results of the analysis suggest that the wording and type of questions could be crucial in measuring fear of crime and that although a signifi cant proportion of respondents declared being fearful their “fear experiences” are found to be relatively rare., Eva Moravcová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

4217. Inercialita v kontextu Leibnizovy korespondence s Clarkem

Creator:
Lochmanová, Kateřina
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Leibniz, Clarke, Newton, prostor, setrvačnost, space, and inertia
Language:
Czech
Description:
This study deals with a controversy between Leibniz and Clarke concerning the relativity of space. Although substantivalism, i.e. an approach treating space as a substance, is to be indicated as the main target of Leibniz’s attack, it has usually been replaced by Newtonian absolutism instead, as a proper opposition to Leibniz’s relationalism. However, such absolutism has not been defined ontologically, but dynamically, as if the difference between their conceptions consisted of a different approach to the inertiallity of motion. However, this would mean that while Leibniz intended to reduce all motion to an inertial one, Newton reduced it to a noninertial one instead, or that only one of them acknowledged the existence of noninertial motion at all. Nevertheless, none of them actually denied the existence of noninertial motion, and although all motion indeed seemed noninertial to Newton, Leibniz never responded to such a challenge in the course of their correspondence. and Předmětem této studie je polemika mezi Leibnizem a Clarkem ohledně relativity prostoru. Přestože za cíl Leibnizova útoku by se v kontextu této polemiky patřilo označit v prvé řadě substantivalismus, tj. přístup nakládající s prostorem jako se substancí, obvykle bývá do opozice vůči Leibnizovu relacionalismu kladen spíše newtonovský absolutismus. Vzhledem k tomu, že takto pojatý absolutismus nebývá vymezován ontologicky, nýbrž dynamicky, musel by v takovém případě rozdíl mezi jejich pojetími spočívat v odlišném přístupu k inercialitě pohybu. To by tudíž jinými slovy znamenalo, že zatímco Leibniz veškerý pohyb redukoval na inerciální, Newton jej redukoval naopak na neinerciální, případně, že pouze jeden z nich uznával existenci neinerciálních pohybů. Existenci neinerciálních pohybů však ve skutečnosti nepopíral žádný z nich, a přestože Newtonovi se neinerciálním jevil být vskutku veškerý pohyb vůbec, Leibniz na takovou výzvu v rámci clarkovské korespondence již nereagoval.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

4218. Inerciální fúze

Creator:
Rohlena, Karel
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
termojaderná syntéza, thermonuclear fusion, 6, and 539
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The basics of the laser driven inertial fusion are explained. The meaning of scaling laws governing both the direct and indirect drive is illustrated in the context of the world largest laser projects NIF (USA) and LMJ (France) aiming at igniting thermonuclear targets. Demands on power station grade laser drivers are given in the light of arrival of YAG nanoceramics as a future laser material for high power, high repetition rate pulsed laser system. Tentative predictions are made for the future of major EU laser projects HiPER and ELI., Karel Rohlena., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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