Geographic isolation, altitude, climate, landscape and habitat are significant predictors of butterfly diversity in mountain ecosystems. Their diversity and its dependence on altitude, aspect (compass bearing) and biogeographic characteristics of the butterflies were surveyed on the karst mountain Biokovo in southern Croatia. The results affirm that there is a high diversity of butterflies in the study area and the species composition and biogeographic elements are more dependent on altitude than aspect of the mountain. The present study indicates that climate, relief and habitat preferences strongly influence the biogeographic features of species and the relationship between species richness per site and altitude, aspect and the altitude-aspect interaction. and Iva Mihoci, Vladimir Hršak, Mladen Kučinić, Vlatka Mičetić Stanković, Antun Delić, Nikola Tvrtković.
The variability of the external characters of four sibling Plecotus species in Croatia was analysed. For the recently discovered species P. macrobullaris and P. kolombatovici we used specimens identified by mitochondrial DNA sequences as key specimens. Living individuals of P. kolombatovici can be distinguished from P. macrobullaris and P. auritus by means of shorter thumb and hind foot, more clearly than distinguishing P. austriacus from P. auritus. Using the triangular pad on the lower lip it is easy to distinguish P. macrobullaris from all other species in the field. Sympatric distribution is confirmed for P. macrobullaris and P. auritus as well as for P. auritus and P. austriacus. In Istria, P. kolombatovici was found only at one site syntopic with P. austriacus and at another site inhabiting the same church attic with P. macrobullaris.
Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations, the phylogenetic position of Croatian populations of spined loaches within the European genus Cobitis was assessed. Spined loaches from the Matica, Neretva, Cetina, Zrmanja, Jadova, Sava, Drava and Kupa Rivers are included in two previously described groups: a) Cobitis sensu stricto group, and b) Adriatic group. The Danubian populations of C. elongatoides and its hybrids from the Kupa and Drava Rivers are related to the species included in the Cobitis s. str. group, whereas all other analysed populations clustered within the Adriatic group, which is divided into the “Bilineata”, “Elongata” and “Ohridana-zanandreai” clades. The Croatian spined loaches from the Adriatic watershed are included in the first two clades. Four mitochondrial lineages were revealed within the “Bilineata” clade: 1. ”C. bilineata” lineage containing loaches from the Zrmanja River and Italian and Spanish representatives of C. bilineata; 2. “Neretva-Cetina” lineage included loaches from the Cetina River (C. dalmatina) and the Neretva River (C. narentana); 3. “Jadova” lineage included specimens from the Jadova River; and 4. “Matica” lineage comprised spined loaches from the Matica River. Cobitis elongata from the Kupa and Drava Rivers belonged to the “Elongata” clade with two sublineages. Allozyme analyses of the C. taenia complex revealed the presence of both C. elongatoides and its all-female triploid hybrids in the Danube basin of Croatia.