During the reign of the empress Maria Theresa and in particular of her successor Joseph II, the Habsburg monarchy went through substantial changes. The state took control of parts of public life which had until then been independent. Besides arts, which started to be controlled through the state academy, architecture became the centre of attention. Architecture regulated by state was supposed to observe the so called architectura civilis (Bürgerliche Baukunst) the principles of which had been formulated by German and Austrian theoreticians and mathematicians in the second half of the 18 century. The main features typical for the architectura civilis were simplicity, practicality and economy, which suited the enlightened state. Architects and engineers with profound theoretical knowledge who were able to respond to a wide spectrum of assignments became important for the intentions of the state. Designers who did not make part of the guild structure and who had such wide competences that they could design architecture normally designed by engineers - fortifications, roads, and bridges were considered as ideal. This study focuses on the professional bibliography of two significant engineers working in the service of the estates and the state in Moravia at the last years of 18 century Johann Anton Krzoupal von Grünnenberg, and first Director of the Provincial Building Directorates in Brno Karl Jacobi von Eckholm., Michal Konečný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The paper is a review of literature on gender aspects of social movement's protest against globalization. It divides the movements according to gender of participants to grassroots women's movements against globalization, gender-neutral anti-globalization movement and masculine movements that express anti-globalization stance. It focuses specifically on activism against sweatshop labour and its transnational networks, connections, and its positive and negative effects. It analyses the gender aspects of the anti-globalization movement and its relation to feminism and feminist movement. It deals with the problem why it is difficult to incorporate gender into the critique of globalization and at the same time to add anti-capitalist view to feminist movement. The author argues that neoliberal globalization activates on one side efforts to emancipate women from oppressive (working) conditions while it incites masculine, patriarchal reactions on the other side of the globe. The militaristic masculine movements together with the neoliberal global masculinity are threats for women's movements for liberation.
The Romans may have known the ridge plough which turns over
the soil to one side, but under the natural conditions in which they lived they did not require it and thus did not themselves possess it. Thus the Germans could not have passed on a Roman-Germanic
plough to the Western Slavs. In this sense the results of the latest
research correct the conclusions of L. Niederle on this matter. All
the more remarkable, however, is his final supposition that
the origin of the plough. i.e. a tilling implement provided with a
asymmetrical mouldboard, must be sought in the East. This is
supported by the number of asymmetrical ploughshares (pre-supposing a mouldboard), and the even more frequent horizontally attached symmetrical ploughshare with small coulter,
assigned to the period from the 5lh to the beginning of the13th
century, found on sites indicating the road from Southern Russia
across Southern Poland to Czechoslovakia. This is a territory whose natural conditions demand cultivation by ridge plough. The
existence of this ancient cultural highway is confirmed too by several typological similarities in the construction of the tilling
implements. Thus practically in the same territory we find in
recent tilling implemenls the type of plough with double stilt sole, further with the forward leaning sheat both in ards and ploughs of
quadrangular construction and finally even wilh the beam parallelly attached lo the heel of the sole by its bent hindmost part.
The discovery in the peat-bog at Sergeyev of the wooden plough, preserved in the museum at Chernigov, provides very strong support for Niederle’s idea. It consists of naturally grown piece of oak, is of the sole-type with arched beam. The massive construction where the conic sole passes into the beam is somewhal broader on the right side. Its right edge is hollowed inlo a paraboloid shape widening towards the back. This plane, finished above by a sharp ridge, represents the beginnings of the mouldboard. B. A. Shramko assigned the Sergeyev plough to the middle of the first millenary B. C. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát
The degree of photoinhibition of sun and shade grown leaves of grapevine was determined by means of the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and electron transport measurements. The potential efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2), Fv/Fm, markedly declined under high irradiance (HI) in shade leaves with less than 10 % of F0 level. In contrast, Fv/Fm ratio declined with about 20 % increase of F0 level in sun leaves. In isolated thylakoids, the rate of whole chain and PS2 activity in HI shade and sun leaves was decreased by about 60 and 40 %, respectively. A smaller inhibition of photosystem 1 (PS1) activity was also observed in both leaf types. In the subsequent dark incubation, fast recovery was observed in both leaf types that reached maximum PS2 efficiencies similar to non-photoinhibited control leaves. The artificial exogenous electron donors DPC, NH2OH, and Mn2+ failed to restore the HI-induced loss of PS2 activity in sun leaves, while DPC and NH2OH were significantly restored in shade leaves. Hence HI in shade leaves inactivates on the donor side of PS2 whereas it does at the acceptor side in sun leaves, respectively. Quantification of the PS2 reaction centre protein D1 and the 33 kDa protein of water splitting complex following HI-treatment of leaves showed pronounced differences between shade and sun leaves. The marked loss of PS2 activity in HI leaves was due to the marked loss of D1 protein of the PS2 reaction centre protein and the 33 kDa protein of the water splitting complex in sun and shade leaves, respectively. and M. Bertamini, K. Muthuchelian, N. Nedunchezhian.