The article deals with the use of different types of connectors in the adversative complex phrases in Old Church Slavonic and their Greek parallels. The most common and most frequent conjuntions are a, nž, and to a certain extent obače, whereas the particle že is mostly defined as adversative by the semantics of the clauses. In some manuscripts from the 18th and 19th centuries appart from the use of no and a, examples of adversative sentences with the conjuctions ami and tuku are frequent, which are common also in Standard Macedonian (but ami mostly in dialects). The conjuction tuku has developed from the adverb tolku and the conjunction ami is taken from the Greek vernacular ami. The use of conjunctions from other languages - ami from Greek and ama from Turkish which had a significant influence on the spoken (Slavic) language in Macedonia vis-à-vis the language used in the Old Church Slavonic manuscripts shows that it was common to accept a foreign language construction. However, it should be mentioned that both conjunctions in Standard Macedonian are used as a kind of stylistic specifity, usually in colloquial style. The development and use of new conjunctions could also be explained by the phonemic characteristic of the conjuntion nž, to lose the nasal and thus to become not expressive enough as adversative.
High-irradiance (HI) induced changes in heat emission, fluorescence, and photosynthetic energy storage (EST) of shade grown sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) saplings were followed using modulated photoacoustic and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. HI-treatment at 900-4400 µmol m-2 s-1 for 15 min caused an increase in heat emission and a decrease in EST. In some leaves, HI-treatment of 900 µmol m-2 s-1 for 1 min induced a rapid increase in heat emission with a marginal decrease in EST. Parallel to the increase in heat emission, there was a decrease in fluorescence, and this phenomenon was reversible in darkness. Quenching of thermal energy dissipation and a recovery in EST were observed during the first 15 min after the HI-treatment. This down-regulation of photochemical activity and its recovery may be one of the photoprotective mechanisms in shade grown sugar maple plants. The increase in thermal energy dissipation was greater in the red absorbing long wavelength (640-700 nm) region than in the blue absorbing short wavelength region of photosynthetically active excitation radiation. The photochemical activity was affected more in short wavelengths (400-520 nm) than in the long wavelength region of the spectrum. This can be due to the migration of light-harvesting chlorophyll (Chl) a/b protein complex from photosystem (PS) 2 to PS1 and/or to the disconnection of carotenoid pool from Chls in the pigment bed of photosynthetic apparatus. and K. Veeranjaneyulu, R. M. Leblanc.
Let $\mathcal G$ be an abstract class (closed under isomorpic copies) of left $R$-modules. In the first part of the paper some sufficient conditions under which $\mathcal G$ is a precover class are given. The next section studies the $\mathcal G$-precovers which are $\mathcal G$-covers. In the final part the results obtained are applied to the hereditary torsion theories on the category on left $R$-modules. Especially, several sufficient conditions for the existence of $\sigma $-torsionfree and $\sigma $-torsionfree $\sigma $-injective covers are presented.