Oscillations in many of photosynthetic quantities with a period of about 1 min can be routinely measured with higher plant leaves after perturbation of the steady state by sudden change in gas phase. Among all hypotheses suggested so far to explain the oscillations, an effect of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) activation status to control the oscillations is highly probable, at least upon high temperature (HT) treatment when in vivo RuBPCO activity controlled by RuBPCO activase (RuBPCO-A) decreases. Therefore, we measured the oscillations in fluorescence signal coming from barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Akcent) after their exposure for various time intervals to different HTs in darkness. We also evaluated steady state fluorescence and CO2 exchange parameters to have an insight to functions of electron transport chain within thylakoid membrane and Calvin cycle before initiation of the oscillations. The changes in period of the oscillations induced by moderate HT (up to 43 °C) best correlated with changes in non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (qN) that in turn correlated with changes in gross photosynthetic rate (PG) and rate of RuBPCO activation (kact). Therefore, we suggest that changes in period of the oscillations caused by moderate HT are mainly controlled by RuBPCO activation status. For more severe HT (45 °C), the oscillations disappeared which was probably caused by an insufficient formation of NADPH by electron transport chain within thylakoid membrane as judged from a decrease in photochemical fluorescence quenching (qP). Suggestions made on the basis of experimental data were verified by theoretical simulations of the oscillations based on a model of Calvin cycle and by means of a control analysis of the model. and D. Lazár ... [et al.].
The pastoral blowing of Christmas Eve belongs to the most remarkable Christmas traditions in Bohemian lands. The pastoral tuba (tuba pastoritia) was made by the shepherds themselves from wood, later it was made in a craftsman manner from brass. The records of the time corroborate the outstanding musical skills of some shepherds. Their signals on the pasture followed up with military or fireman tunes. On Christmas Eve the shepherds and night watchmen made walk-abouts with singing and blowing. In the frontier regions the costume of rounding up the sheep to Bethlehem had been preserved. The shepherd cracked the whip and blew the tuba and before him were running boys with collars and bells. Still at the end of the twentieth century Josef Svejkovský recorded in the regions of Rokycany and Zbiroh remarkable pastoral tunes that were played on the pasture as well as on Christmas Eve. A unique chapter of the pastoral blowing represents its use in church during Christmas ceremonies. Pastorales composed by Bohemian and Moravian schoolmasters required the pastoral tuba and later the trumpet. Some parts indicate a virtuoso artistic production of the interpreters. The tuba pastoralis had been used in two ways, either during the whole composition or later only in the overture and in the intermezzos, rather as a curiosity. This popular instrument entered the festival Christmas intrades and also the instrumental pastorales. Unique „Symphonia pastoralis“ from Dřevohostice (1788) is a small concerto grosso with solo violin and tuba pastoralis. On midnight mess sometimes two shepherds blew, each of them in a different part of the church. The chordal motives that are characteristic for the pastoral tuba were often imitated in pastorales for other instruments, usually for violines and also pastoral organ preludes. Rare are pastorales for cemballo that in the eighteenth century probably served as a home Christmas music.
The boundednees of multilinear commutators of Calderón-Zygmund singular integrals on Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent is obtained. The multilinear commutators of generalized Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator are also considered.