Populace v České republice stárne, prodlužuje se střední délka života. Počet nemocných karcinomem kolon a rekta v této věkové skupině neustále vzrůstá. Jaké jsou možnosti léčby kolorektálního karcinomu seniorů?, The population in the Czech Republic is ageing and the life expectancy is extending. The number of patients with colorectal cancer in this age group has been constantly increasing. What are the options for treating colorectal cancer in the elderly?, Lenka Ostřížková, and Literatura
V posledních letech došlo ke změnám přístupu v léčbě karcinomu rekta. Léčba karcinomu rekta je příkladem komplexní multimodální léčby, zahrnující chirurgickou operaci, radioterapii, chemoterapii či konkomitantní chemoradioterapii. Autoři v následujícím textu shrnují dosavadní poznatky a doporučení konkomitantní chemoradioterapie rekta., In recent years, there have been changes in approaching the treatment for rectal carcinoma. The treatment for rectal carcinoma is an example of a comprehensive multimodal therapy which includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or concomitant chemoradiotherapy. The authors summarize the existing knowledge and recommendations for concomitant chemoradiotherapy of the rectum., Luboš Holubec, Tomáš Svoboda, Jindřich Fínek, and Lit.: 32
Neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy has become a standard treatment of locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas (LARA). It leads to shrinkage of the tumor mass and subsequently to an increase in complete resections (R0 resections), increasing a feasibility of sphincter-sparing intervention avoiding colostomy. It is based on concurrent application of fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine) and radiotherapy (45 - 50,4 Gy). It shows less acute toxicity and improves local control rate in comparison to adjuvant treatment. Unfortunately, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is not beneficial for all patients. The treatment response ranges from a complete pathological remission (pCR, ypT0ypN0) to a resistance. It is reported that cca 15 percent of patients with advanced rectal cancer show pCR which is indicative of improved long-term prognosis. DESIGN: The following is a review of the significance of neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment algorithm of patients with LARA and summary of potentional clinical-pathological and molecular markers of response prediction to neoadjuvant therapy. The most important clinical studies concern serum tumor markers levels, clinical lymph node classification. The components of the carcinogenic pathways are explored, including oncogenes, tumor supressor genes, microsatellite instability (MSI) and potentional markers involved in apoptosis, angiogionesis, proliferation as well as metastasis and invasion, are reviewed. Finally, the role of specific enzymes associated with the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines are examined. CONCLUSIONS: No one marker has been consistently identified as clinically applicable. Studies designed to determine the potentional markers are hampered by various techniques as well as tumor heterogenity and recent scientific approach--studying individual molecular markers. Gene expression profiling analysis of multiple genes from the same tumor is becoming reality. We suppose that this assessment will lead in future in finding combination of markers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in rectal cancer., Garajová Ingrid, Svoboda M., Slabý O., Kocáková L., Fabian P., Kocák I., Vyzula R., and Lit.: 71