Standardem léčby lokálně pokročilého karcinomu rekta je neoadjuvantní chemoradioterapie následovaná totální mezorektální excizí. Neoadjuvantní chemoradioterapie prokázala nižší výskyt lokální recidivy a lepší profil toxicity než léčba adjuvantní. Následující text se zabývá aktuálním pohledem na léčebné možnosti lokálně pokročilého karcinomu rekta, na kontroverze a na možnosti využití cílené terapie., The standard treatment of locally advanced rectal carcinoma is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has demostrated lower incidence of local recurrence and better profile of toxicity then adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The next article presents current view on treatment options, controversial issues and used the targeted treatment in locally advanced rectal carcinoma., Igor Richter, Josef Dvořák, Jiří Bartoš, Peter Hromádka, Jiří Škach, and Literatura
Neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy has become a standard treatment of locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas (LARA). It leads to shrinkage of the tumor mass and subsequently to an increase in complete resections (R0 resections), increasing a feasibility of sphincter-sparing intervention avoiding colostomy. It is based on concurrent application of fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine) and radiotherapy (45 - 50,4 Gy). It shows less acute toxicity and improves local control rate in comparison to adjuvant treatment. Unfortunately, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is not beneficial for all patients. The treatment response ranges from a complete pathological remission (pCR, ypT0ypN0) to a resistance. It is reported that cca 15 percent of patients with advanced rectal cancer show pCR which is indicative of improved long-term prognosis. DESIGN: The following is a review of the significance of neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment algorithm of patients with LARA and summary of potentional clinical-pathological and molecular markers of response prediction to neoadjuvant therapy. The most important clinical studies concern serum tumor markers levels, clinical lymph node classification. The components of the carcinogenic pathways are explored, including oncogenes, tumor supressor genes, microsatellite instability (MSI) and potentional markers involved in apoptosis, angiogionesis, proliferation as well as metastasis and invasion, are reviewed. Finally, the role of specific enzymes associated with the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines are examined. CONCLUSIONS: No one marker has been consistently identified as clinically applicable. Studies designed to determine the potentional markers are hampered by various techniques as well as tumor heterogenity and recent scientific approach--studying individual molecular markers. Gene expression profiling analysis of multiple genes from the same tumor is becoming reality. We suppose that this assessment will lead in future in finding combination of markers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in rectal cancer., Garajová Ingrid, Svoboda M., Slabý O., Kocáková L., Fabian P., Kocák I., Vyzula R., and Lit.: 71