The main objective of this paper is to explain how the application of various interpolation methods influence the determination of vertical crustal movements at any given point. The paper compares several methods of interpolation and verifies their suitability, including kriging, minimum curvature, nearest neighbor, natural neighbor, polynomial regression, inverse distance to a power, and triangulation with linear interpolation. The calculations show that the chosen interpolation method has significant influence on the final result of the study. Nearest neighbor method was chosen to be the best., Kamil Kowalczyk, Jacek Rapinski and Marek Mroz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Changes in the mean sea level are the result of climate change, environmental change and human activity. The Baltic Sea is located in an area of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) which scientists are particularly interested in. However, published reports from this region do not include tide gauges located on the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. Previous scientific studies include only selected tide gauges at various time intervals. The authors used different types of data (Revised Local Reference (RLR) data and metric data). They did not analyze the occurrence of vertical shifts (jumps) in time series. The main aim of this article is to determine changes in the mean level of the Baltic Sea at selected tide gauges on the southern Baltic Sea coast. The tide gauge data to determine changes in the mean sea level of the Baltic Sea on the Polish coast for the years 1811-2015, were acquired from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute (IMGW–PIB) in Poland and from the PSMSL (Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level) database. In the calculations, metric data, i.e. average monthly values, were used for tide gauges in Świnoujście, Kołobrzeg, Ustka, Stolpmunde, Władysławowo, and Gdańsk. For the reduction of vertical shifts in time series due to a change in the reference level, the author’s proprietary VSED algorithm was applied. Time series were analyzed in terms of seasonality effect. Statistical methods were used to determine the trend: linear regression analysis, spectral analysis, index method. A moving average with a "window" of 19 years was used to smooth the data. Changes in the mean level of the Baltic Sea at the analyzed tide gauges indicate small, short-time positive changes as well as a gradual, slight increase in the mean sea level ranging from +0.8 mm/y to +2.4 mm/y. The best-fitting trend line was obtained when adopting the application of the Fourier function and the moving average with a 19-year window. The analysis of vertical shifts (jumps) showed that there are vertical shifts not revealed at the stage of metric data reduction to the reference level. It has been shown that series from two tide gauges located close to each other can be combined and the series can thus be extended, which results in a reduction in the theoretical error of the determination of the trend.
The development of an elevation frame requires a movement model of the Earth's crust. Currently, regardless of the existence of ASG-EUPOS, it seems that the most reasonable approach is to use the model developed from the levelling data. In Poland three maps of vertical crustal movements were developed on the basis of levelling data. The most recent version was published in 2006. In the above mentioned elaborations, the vertical crustal movements were calculated from two subsequent first order levelling campaigns. The results of all four levelling campaigns in Poland were accumulated and digitalized to include more data. The colocation method was used to develop the model. The graphical representation was made with triangulation and linear interpolation. One unified database was developed on the basis of collected and unified data set of unadjusted observations. The first trials of common use of the three first order levelling campaigns were performed in 2008. However the available levelling data was not complete. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the usefulness of the data from the last three campaigns of precise levelling for the development of vertical movement model in Poland., Kamil Kowalczyk and Jacek Rapinski., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Four precise leveling campaigns has been carried out in Poland, and for several years there is a functioning system of permanent GNSS stations determining the height of network points. On the basis of these data, several variants of vertical crustal movements models have been developed (Wyrzykowski, 1987; Kowalczyk, 2005; Kontny and Bogusz, 2012). In order to develop a kinematic model of vertical crustal movements, one of the possibilities is an adjustment of the network formed simultaneously with the leveling data and GNSS stations data. The main problem is a need to identify fiducial points between the datasets. This problem can be solved by creation of coherent database containing attributes of both types of data and automatization of the joint point identification process. The article shows the results of such identification process, depending on the amount of data, on the example of the area of Poland. and Bednarczyk Michal, Kowalczyk Kamil, Kowalczyk Anna.