The study concentrates on analysis of heterogeneous rock mass deformations in the final years of underground coal extraction and during the revitalisation period after the end of mining. The research has been carried out in the Walbrzych Coal Basin where underground mining ceased at the end of the 20th Century. In the paper results of initial stages of ground deformation studies on a fragment of the Walbrzych mining grounds concerning analysis of benchmark height changes in a selected levelling line has been described. The results indicate ground subsidence in the period immediately after end of coal extraction and change to a steady uplift of the ground a few years later (2000-2008). Abnormal changes of heights in tectonic fault zones have also been observed. These could be related to heterogeneous rock mass reaction during the revitalisation period., Jan Blachowski, Stefan Cacoń and Wojciech Milczarek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The main objective of this paper is to explain how the application of various interpolation methods influence the determination of vertical crustal movements at any given point. The paper compares several methods of interpolation and verifies their suitability, including kriging, minimum curvature, nearest neighbor, natural neighbor, polynomial regression, inverse distance to a power, and triangulation with linear interpolation. The calculations show that the chosen interpolation method has significant influence on the final result of the study. Nearest neighbor method was chosen to be the best., Kamil Kowalczyk, Jacek Rapinski and Marek Mroz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The dedicated satellite gravity missions have provided homogeneous and uniformly accurate information on the long and medium wavelengths of the Earth’s gravity field. Since the launch of GOCE satellite gravimetry mission by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2009, several global geopotential models (GGMs) have been published. This study evaluates the recent GOCE-based GGMs over the area of Poland. The evaluation has been performed with the use of the EGM08 as well as high-precision GPS/levelling control traverse consisting of 184 stations. One GOCE-only GGM, four GOCE/GRACE satellite-only GGMs, and one GOCE/GRACE GGM combined with terrestrial gravity data have been selected for the evaluation. The results of inter-comparison of the models as well as their accuracy assessment have been discussed., Walyeldeen Godah and Jan Krynski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the contribution the results of repeated precise levelling and GPS measurements at the central part of the Diendorf-Čebín tectonic zone (DCTZ) are presented. This morphologically very expressive tectonic system that belongs to a typical type of transcurrent tectonic system, with activity from Protherozoic up to recent period in separate parts is considered to be a seismoactive fault, too. Preliminary results at two measured profiles across central part of eastern marginal fault of the Boskovice Furrow confirmed expected vertical movement tendencies. It is evident that all tectonic system is seismoactive not only in the Lower Austria district but also in its northern continuation., Lubomil Pospíšil, Otakar Švábenský, Josef Weigel and Michal Witiska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The paper presents local changes of plumb line direction in the area of Inowrocław, central Poland. The changes were determined by geodetic (GPS, leveling) and gravimetric surveys. The presented conclusions point out that increasing resolution of a precise quasigeoid model in areas with variable distribution of rock mass is necessary. The final results of the paper are suggestions concerning a practical approach applied to obtain proper values of plumb line deflections that can be useful for further detail research for making more precise local models of the quasigeoid., Zbigniew Szczerbowski, Piotr Banasik and Jacek Kudrys., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the contribution geological structure and geophysical data along the northern part of the Diendorf-Čebín tectonic zone (DCTZ) is analyzed in relation to the position of the measured GPS test areas and precise levelling profiles. For this purposes the former geophysical data have been reambulated and analyzed, too. Revision of geological knowledge and sources has been done in places of the proposed polygons. The results of reinterpretation of the Grav/Mag data and selected seismic reflection profiles suggest new possibilities and variety of structural interpretations of this tectonic zone. It is evident that the whole tectonic system has undergone complicated tectonic development during the Paleogene and Neogene. Therefore the recent mapping and analyses by GPS and precise levelling have to be realized in places where the geological structural ambiguity has to be eliminated., Lubomil Pospíšil, Otakar Švábenský, Josef Weigel and Michal Witiska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The static analyses and assessment of the technical condition of historical buildings in the Prague Castle Area are based on observational methods to gather the basic information about the behaviour of structures. The monitoring involves a combination of different methods of surveying, crack, inclination and temperature measurements together with the monitoring of dynamic effects of traffic and nearby tunnelling activities. These methods were enhanced by line-wise measurements using a high-precision sliding micrometer and inclinometer to assess the role of subsoil and to discover potential very slow slope movements in inclined parts of the area. The problems connected with long-term stability of historical buildings are further studied with the use of static analyses and numerical models of selected buildings in the area., Jaromír Procházka, Jan Záleský, Tomáš Jiřikovský and Jan Salák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The known models of recent vertical movements of the Earth crust surface in the area of Poland were processed in the form of contour line map on the basis of the data of the first and second class geometric state levelling network. Second map done by Wyrzykowski (1985) was based on the results of measurements made in 1871-1882, 1926-1937, 1952-1956 and 1975-1977. The newest results of assignment of recent vertical movements of the Earth surface in the territory of Poland were published by Kowalczyk in 2006. The map of the contemporary vertical movements velocities has been processed using the least squares collocation method on the basis of repeated measurements of state precise levelling, executed mainly in 1974-1982 and 1997-2003. Presently, after about 3 years of satellite observations at about one hundred of permanent GPS stations of the ASG-EUPOS network, a verification of the mentioned models is possible on the basis of independent (satellite) measurements. As the resolution of the stations in Poland is sufficient, the model processed using satellite data was determined for the whole area of Poland and it was confronted with earlier (levelling) models. There are some differences in the analyzed models. A comparison of levelling and satellite mode ls indicates defect of reference distinctly resulting from sea level variability., Bernard Kontny and Janusz Bogusz., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Different approaches have been proposed to determine the possible outliers existing in a dataset. The most widely used consists in the application of the data snooping test over the least squares adjustment results. This strategy is very likely to succeed for the case of zero or one outliers but, contrary to what is often assumed, the same is not valid for the multiple outlier case, even in its iterative application scheme. Robust estimation, computed by iteratively reweighted least squares or a global optimization method, is other alternative approach which often produces good results in the presence of outliers, as is the case of exhaustive search methods that explore elimination of every possible set of observations. General statements, having universal validity, about the best way to compute a geodetic network with multiple outliers are impossible to be given due to the many different factors involved (type of network, number and size of possible errors, available computational force, etc.). However, we see in this paper that some conclusions can be drawn for the case of a leveling network, which has a certain geometrical simplicity compared with planimetric or three-dimensional networks though a usually high number of unknowns and relatively low redundancy. Among other results, we experience the occasional failure in the iterative application of the data snooping test, the relatively successful results obtained by both methods computing the robust estimator, which perform equivalently in this case, and the successful application of the exhaustive search method, for different cases that become increasingly intractable as the number of outliers approaches half the number of degrees of freedom of the network.
In the paper a problem of elaboration and the use local quasige oid on mining areas in south-eastern Poland is discussed. The models were elaborated within research projects carried by Institution of Geodesy and Cartography AGH in years 1996-2005 and related to mining caused terrain surface deformation problems. One part of the carried research was elaboration of quasi-geoid model that can be used in practical aspects of mine surveying. There is an example of this quasi-geoid model application in leveling surveys presented in the paper. Furthermore, discussed quasi-geoid models elaborated for small areas provide detailed information about the shape of this surface and they determine database completing existing country models as for example Leveling Geoid 2001 for area of Poland., Piotr Banasik., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy