He article deals with hunger strikes as a peculiar form of political pressure and presents a brief overview of ites development in modern Indian history. The author points out the substantial difference between the approach of the Father of Independent India, Mahatma Gandhi, who resorted to hunger strikes as a noble method of moral coercion, and that of the whole crowd of post-independent India´s politicians misusing it for the purpose of sheer extortion. Even in recent years there is a growing number of highly controversial cases, making it apparent that there should be no space for such political weapon in a democracy since it goes against its fundamental principles., Zdeněk Štipl., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The new power configuration that emerged in the regions of South and East Asia in the wake of World War II and the following decolonization process introduced new players to the game of international politics; the roles played by them were orten inherited from the actors of the previous era. it was the general framework of the bipolar world system and the Cold War that represented a new element in traditional rivalries, and which had the capacity to exacerbate problems that had previously lain dormant. The genesis and escalation of the India-china border dispute, interconnected with the status of Tibet, which was viewed by China as part of her own territory and contemplated by India as a semi-independent buffer state, serves as a classic example. On the Indian side, the problem was further aggravated by the inability of the government to coordinate and fully control the activities of its iontelligence. The article follows the gradual development of the ambiguous approach of Indian foreign policy toward its northern neighbour and the silent Indian acquiescence of the involvement of the United States in the Tibetan issue up to the first bloody border clashes in 1959., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Indonesian has played a crucial role in the history of Indonesia as a vital political state-making instrument. Upon Indonesian´s gaining independence, the revolutionary language of Sukarno and his circle was to inspire Indonesians to buidl the young republic and to resist its enemies – namely the West and the newly created Malaysia. With the establishment of General Suharto´s regime in 1965-1966 a change in foreign and domestic policy occurred, the consequence of which was a shift in the political use of Indonesian: from the language of revolution to the language of Pancasila – Indonesian´s state ideology. The result was a sort of „officialese“, full of bizzare neologisms and acronyms, made up to serve the regime. Acronyms have long been an Indonesian obsession in the field of politics and public administration and gradually have become part of the everyday language. Thus, even now, in the post-Suharto era, to understand Indonesian media and politicians, it takes not only a good command of Indonesian but also a thorough knowledge of the Indonesian political system and institutions., Tomáš Petrů., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article deals with the impact of the Arab uprisings on Islamism in its various forms (from the mainstream movements to the radical ones). It specifically addresses the issues revolving around the influence of politicization on Islamist movements and it describes the recent evolution of Salafi and Jihadi trends (especially as influenced by their participation in everyday politics and the war in Syria). The author argues that various Islamist tendencies have experienced significant levels of transformation in recent years, thus necessitating a reshaping of our understanding of this phenomenon., Ondřej Beránek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This article deals with the peculiarities of the ongoging Islamist insurgency in Kabardino-Balkaria, located in Russia´s volatile North Caucasus. Covering the interwoven issues of local Islam, nationalism, social organization, bad governance coupled with enduring economic and political problems, the article explores the causes and implications of the insurgency movement that seeks to establish an Islamic theocracy in thi strategically important part of the Russian Federation., Emil Souleimanov., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This paper is devoted to the most crucial period of Bosnia´s history, when the major ethnic shift in the history of the country happened. Ruins of medieval Bosnian kingdom, which existed in 1377-1463 became the basis for strong islamization of its territory. One of the key aspects why this process was so effective in comparison to other Balkan countries lies in political instability. Bosnian kingdom had three significant and strong neighbours – Ottoman Empire, The Republic of Venice and Hungarian Kingdom. Each of these empires interfered into internal political affairs of Bosnia. Another phenomenon was Bogomil or Bosnian church and its roots, which also helped Islamic religion to establish itself among Bosnian believers. Islamization of Bosnia and Hercegovina started even before the fall of Bosnian kingdom and its most intensive phase started in the 16th century when 75% of the population becames Muslim. The most rapid grow of the Islamic religious influence is to bee seen in cities, especially those built by Ottomans – like Mostar, Sarajevo or Tuzla. At the end of the 16th century we can see deceleration of islamization as well as growth of the new Bosnian Muslim nobility., Maroš Melichárek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
At the beginning of the 13th century, when Mongol Empire expansion into Europe, the Italian city-states-Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Milan, Siena and Lucca - come on the scene, next to the centralized Western European monarchies (France, England) and the Papal Curia. In Genoa and Venice, major naval republics, the chief source of wealth and power was transit trade between Western Europe and the East. Both Genoa and Venice had the political systems ideal for realizing large business operations. All the power in these republics belonged to mercantile patricians, who fell to the vast majority of income from overseas trade. In the last third of the 13th century Genoese merchants, side by side with the Franciscan and Dominican missionaries, began to expand further to the east. Genoese colonies, factories and leading trading posts were also supporting bases of religious missions. The list of these missions in the Franciscan Vicaria Tartariæ Aquilonaris is presented in the end of this paper., Vladimír Liščák., and Obsahuje seznam literatury a poznámky
At the beginning of the 13th century, when Mongol Empire expansion into Europe, the Italian city-states-Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Milan, Siena and Lucca - come on the scene, next to the centralized Western European monarchies (France, England) and the Papal Curia. In Genoa and Venice, major naval republics, the chief source of wealth and power was transit trade between Western Europe and the East. Both Genoa and Venice had the political systems ideal for realizing large business operations. All the power in these republics belonged to mercantile patricians, who fell to the vast majority of income from overseas trade. In the last third of the 13th century Genoese merchants, side by side with the Franciscan and Dominican missionaries, began to expand further to the east. Genoese colonies, factories and leading trading posts were also supporting bases of religious missions. The list of these missions in the Franciscan Vicaria Tartariæ Aquilonaris is presented in the end of this paper., Vladimír Liščák., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury