This article deals with so-called court literature, a very scarce type among Korean popular novels from the second half of the Choson dynasty. The preserved works of the genre - Kyech´uk ilgi, Inhyon wanghujon, and Hanjungnok - are analyzed not only aesthetically, but also historically, as record of Korean court personalities and customs of the time. A typical theme in these works includes a heroine meeting the Confucian ideal - a suffering woman living in the seclusion of the palace.
Womanhood has different meanings. It is true in the context of almost every culture and society. In Sudan a woman´s life is divided into a number of stages characterized by special roles and status. It is structured hierarchically by kinship and age. The article focuses on the second factor. It indicates the range of activities and the broad networks of alliances that are available for a middle-aged woman. It shows dominant position of older woman in traditional social structure, which is still much preserved in rural life of Northern Sudan. The articled is mostly based on fieldwork materials collected in North Sudanese village of ed Ghaddar in 2010.
This study examines when mandatory clerical celibacy was instituted in the Czech lands. At first it was only demanded of candidates to become bishops while other priests regularly had wives and children up to the 12th century. The Papal Curia first intervened in favour of celibacy in 1143 through a mission by Cardinal Guido when married clerics were removed from their posts. Another came with Cardinal Peter in 1197 when he (unsuccessfully) demanded that those being ordained also take a vow of purity. Celibacy was then enforced after the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215.