Since recently, it is possible, using noninvasive cortical stimulation, such as the protocol of paired associative stimulation (PAS), to induce the plastic changes in the motor cortex, in humans that mimic Hebb's model of learning. Application of TMS conjugated with peripheral elec trical stimulation at strictly coherent temporal manner lead to convergence of inputs in the sensory-motor cortex, with the consequent synaptic potentiation or weakening, if applied repeti tively. However, when optimal interstimulus interval (ISI) for induction of LTP-like effects is applied as a single pair, Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude inhibition is observed, the paradigm known as short-latency afferent inhibition (SLAI). Aiming to resolve this paradox, PAS protocols were applied, with 200 re petitions of TMS pulses paired with median nerve electrical stimul ation, at ISI equa l to individual latencies of evoked response of somatosensory cortex (N20) (PASLTP), and at ISI of N20 shortened for 5 msec (PASLTD) - protocols that mimic LTP-like changes in the human motor cortex. MEP amplitudes before, during and after interventions were measured as an indicator based on output signals originating from the motor system. Post-intervention MEP amplitudes following the TMS protocols of PASLTP and PASLTD were facilitated and depressed, respectively, contrary to MEP amplitudes during intervention. During PASLTP MEP amplitudes were significantly decreased in case of PASLTP , while in the case of PASLTD an upward trend was observed. In conclusions, a possible explanation for the seemingly paradoxical effect of PAS can be found in the mechanism of homeostatic modulation of plasticity. Those findings indicate the existence of complex relationships in the development of plasticity induced by stimulation, depending on the level of the previous motor cortex excitability., N. V. Ilić., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was shown to
have therapeutic potential for some neurological and psychiatric
disorders. Previous studies reported that low-frequency rTMS
(≤1 Hz) affected synaptic plasticity in rats, however, there were
few investigations to examine the possible effects of rTMS on
structural synaptic plasticity changes in rats, which included the
effects on synaptic morphology in the hippocampus, synaptic
protein markers and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein II
(CaMKII). Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to 500 pulses of
0.5 Hz rTMS for 15 days, or sham stimulation. After last
stimulation, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and
real-time PCR were used to determine the effects of rTMS on
synaptic plasticity. Results showed that rTMS could cause the
change of structural synaptic plasticity, increase the expression of
synaptic protein markers: synaptophysin (SYN) and increase the
expression of CaMKII, relative to normal rats. suggesting
a modulatory effect of chronic rTMS on synaptic plasticity that
may be attributed to the increased expression of CaMKII in rats.
Increased excitability of the spinal motor system has been observed after loud and unexpe cted acoustic stimuli (AS) preceding H-reflexes. The paradigm has been proposed as an electrophysiological marker of reticulospinal tract activity in humans. The brainstem reticular formation also maintains dense anatomical interconnections wi th the cortical motor system. When a startling AS is delivered, prior to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the AS produces a suppression of motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitud e in hand and arm muscles of healthy subjects. Here we analyzed the conditioning effect of a startling AS on MEP amplitude evoked by TMS to the primary motor leg area. Ten healthy volunteers participated in two experiments that used a conditioning-test paradigm. In the first experiment, a startling AS preceded a suprathreshold transcranial test stimulus. The interstimulus interval (ISI) varied between 20 to 160 ms. When given alone, the test stimulus evoked a MEP amplitude of approximately 0.5 mV in the slightly preinervated soleus muscle (SOL). In the seco nd experiment, the startling AS was used to condition the size of the H-reflex in SOL muscle. Mean MEP amplitude was calc ulated for each ISI. The conditioning AS suppressed MEP amplitude at ISIs of 30-80 ms. By contrast, H-reflex amplitude was augmented at ISIs of 100- 200 ms. In conclusions, acoustic stimulation exerts opposite and ISI-specific effects on the amplitude of MEPs and H-reflex in the SOL muscle, indicating different mechanism of auditory-to-motor interactions at cortical and spinal level of motor system., T: V. Ilic ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy