Renowned international experts in higher education financing have argued that, owing to large government deficits, tertiary education will not be able to open up and meet growing demand unless cost-sharing principles and efficient student financial aid programmes are introduced. Opponents of cost-sharing in higher education object that introducing tuition fees will raise inequality in access to higher education. Drawing on OECD data, and focusing on college expectations, the authors argue that the effects of ability, gender, and socio-economic background on college expectations are primarily shaped by the characteristics of secondary education systems, such as the degree of stratification and vocational specificity of secondary schools, while the principal characteristics of the tertiary education system, such as enrolment rates and the model of financing, play a much less important role. The results clearly show that, after controlling for the effects of secondary school system characteristics, cost-sharing, as such or by degree, does not affect the formation of college expectations by ability, gender, and socio-economic background as much as the selectivity of the secondary school system does.
Academic excellence is allegedly a universal and gender neutral standard of merit. This article examines exactly what is constructed as academic excellence at the micro-level, how evaluators operationalize this construct in the criteria they apply in academic evaluation, and how gender inequalities are imbued in the construction and evaluation of excellence. We challenge the view that the academic world is governed by the normative principle of meritocracy in its allocation of rewards and resources. Based on an empirical study of professorial appointments in the Netherlands, we argue that academic excellence is an evasive social construct that is inherently gendered. We show how gender is practiced in the evaluation of professorial candidates, resulting in disadvantages for women and privileges for men that accumulate to produce substantial inequalities in the construction of excellence., Marieke van den Brink, Yvonne Benschop., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this paper we consider some matrix operators on block weighted sequence spaces $l_p(w,F)$. The problem is to find the lower bound of some matrix operators such as Hausdorff and Hilbert matrices on $l_p(w,F)$. This study is an extension of papers by G. Bennett, G.J.O. Jameson and R. Lashkaripour.
We study numerical semigroups $S$ with the property that if $m$ is the multiplicity of $S$ and $w(i)$ is the least element of $S$ congruent with $i$ modulo $m$, then $0<w(1)<\dots <w(m-1)$. The set of numerical semigroups with this property and fixed multiplicity is bijective with an affine semigroup and consequently it can be described by a finite set of parameters. Invariants like the gender, type, embedding dimension and Frobenius number are computed for several families of this kind of numerical semigroups.
Some $q$-analysis variants of Hardy type inequalities of the form $$ \int _0^b \bigg (x^{\alpha -1} \int _0^x t^{-\alpha } f(t) {\rm d}_q t \bigg )^{p} {\rm d}_q x \leq C \int _0^b f^p(t) {\rm d}_q t $$ with sharp constant $C$ are proved and discussed. A similar result with the Riemann-Liouville operator involved is also proved. Finally, it is pointed out that by using these techniques we can also obtain some new discrete Hardy and Copson type inequalities in the classical case.
We prove and discuss some new (Hp,Lp)-type inequalities of weighted maximal operators of Vilenkin-Nörlund means with non-increasing coefficients {q_{k}:k\geqslant 0}. These results are the best possible in a special sense. As applications, some well-known as well as new results are pointed out in the theory of strong convergence of such Vilenkin-Nörlund means. To fulfil our main aims we also prove some new estimates of independent interest for the kernels of these summability results. In the special cases of general Nörlund means tn with non-increasing coefficients analogous results can be obtained for Fejér and Cesàro means by choosing the generating sequence {q_{k}:k\geqslant 0} in an appropriate way., István Blahota, Lars-Erik Persson, Giorgi Tephnadze., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In this paper we consider the problem of finding upper bounds of certain matrix operators such as Hausdorff, Nörlund matrix, weighted mean and summability on sequence spaces $l_p(w)$ and Lorentz sequence spaces $d(w,p)$, which was recently considered in [9] and [10] and similarly to [14] by Josip Pecaric, Ivan Peric and Rajko Roki. Also, this study is an extension of some works by G. Bennett on $l_p$ spaces, see [1] and [2].
This paper reflects on the different faces of asset-based welfare from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. It shows that asset-based welfare can be perceived as a lever for welfare state restructuring but also as an instrument for poverty eradication. In most countries, asset-based welfare policies focus on stimulating home-ownership. The general idea is that by becoming a homeowner, households build up equity that can be released for care and pension purposes in old age. However, there are signs that such policies increase inequality between homeowners (depending on the location of the dwelling and/or the period in which it was bought), but particularly so between homeowners and tenants. We therefore contend that home-ownership based welfare policies need a clear and fundamental specification of the role of the government: how to deal with housing market risks and how to prevent politically unacceptable levels of inequality and exclusion?
This article sets out a theoretical framework for the political economy of the private rental sector, with a particular focus on the question of inequality. It brings together three existing bodies of research. First, macro-accounts of social stratification and wealth inequality. Second, Marxian critiques of the antagonism between accumulation and social reproduction. Third, qualitative accounts of tenants’ experiences of housing inequality. The article synthesises these three literatures to put forward a political economy approach which can capture the multi-dimensional and multi-scale nature of both ‘housing’ and ‘home’ in the private rental sector. In so doing, it contributes to recent research on ‘generation rent’, in particular the related class and generational inequalities, as well as wider debates on the political economy of housing.