Kdyby na začátku třetího tisíciletí proběhla mezi fyziky anketa o tom, kterého objevu by se v něm rádi dožili, jedna z nejčastějších odpovědí by jistě byla zaznamenání průchodu gravitační vlny. To se stalo 14. září 2015 a bylo oznámeno a publikováno 11. února 2016 [1]. Pamětníci si vzpomenou, jak jsme se z ohlášeného objevu gravitačních vln po nějakou dobu těšili od roku 1969. Můžeme si nyní být opravdu jisti? Gravitační vlna znamená deformaci prostoročasové geometrie, kterou přímo pozorovat neumíme, víme jen, že asi 3300 kilometrů od sebe vzdálené detektory zaznamenaly s časovým rozdílem 7 mililsekund velmi dokonale korelované vzplanutí interferenčního jevu způsobené nepochybně malými posunutími zrcadel. Už ze samotného jevu je zřejmé, že je prakticky nemožné jej připsat náhodě či pozemským příčinám. Znamená to však, že jediným původcem může být gravitační vlna? Toto přesvědčení je nesmírně posíleno tím, že objevitelé jsou schopni stanovit zdroj - vlnu vyslala těsně před svým splynutím dvojice černých děr o hmotnostech 29 a 36 hmotností Slunce, přičemž přesnost odhadu činí z 4 hmotností Slunce. Lze také, i když už méně přesně, předpovědět, ve kterém směru na obloze a v jaké vzdálenosti se děl odehrál. Široká důvěra v tato data může zarazit, zvláště srovnáme-li to s postojem odborníků i médií k jinému nedávno oznámenému objevu - deváté planetě. Všeobecně se prosadil názor, že nápovědy, které skýtají nepravděpodobně sladěné hodnoty parametrů jiných, menších těles, jež by mohly mít původ v působení planety, nestačí a nepostačí ani zvýšení jejich počtu - co se týče samotné planety, držíme se skeptické zásady: dokud neuvidíme, neuvěříme. V čem je rozdíl? Možná čtenáři pomůže utvořit si o tom úsudek následující procházka historií objevu a vyhlídkami, které přináší., Jan Novotný., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This article presents translations from the Nobel lectures for physics in 2017 given by all three laureates, who decided to use the same title, but each one focused on different aspects of the discovery. Weiss discussed the early history of gravitational waves and presented the concepts needed to understand the detectors as well as the challenges faced in measuring strains as small as 10-21. Barish describes how the LIGO project was organized to make steady improvements and ultimately carried out a successful scientific program. He describes signal detections as well as ideas of how to improve the detectors. Thorne presented the broader aspects of the new field of gravitational wave astronomy. He described the critical role of numerical relativity simulations and understanding quantum mechanics of precision measurements. He also gave a vision of the science that could come from an investigation of the gravitational wave sky from periods of fractions of milliseconds to tens of billions of years., Rainer Weiss., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This article presents translations from the Nobel lectures for physics in 2017 given by all three laureates, who decided to use the same title, but each one focused on different aspects of the discovery. Weiss discussed the early history of gravitational waves and presented the concepts needed to understand the detectors as well as the challenges faced in measuring strains as small as 10-21. Barish describes how the LIGO project was organized to make steady improvements and ultimately carried out a successful scientific program. He describes signal detections as well as ideas of how to improve the detectors. Thorne presented the broader aspects of the new field of gravitational wave astronomy. He described the critical role of numerical relativity simulations and understanding quantum mechanics of precision measurements. He also gave a vision of the science that could come from an investigation of the gravitational wave sky from periods of fractions of milliseconds to tens of billions of years., Barry C. Barish., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This article presents translations from the Nobel lectures for physics in 2017 given by all three laureates, who decided to use the same title, but each one focused on different aspects of the discovery. Weiss discussed the early history of gravitational waves and presented the concepts needed to understand the detectors as well as the challenges faced in measuring strains as small as 10-21. Barish describes how the LIGO project was organized to make steady improvements and ultimately carried out a successful scientific program. He describes signal detections as well as ideas of how to improve the detectors. Thorne presented the broader aspects of the new field of gravitational wave astronomy. He described the critical role of numerical relativity simulations and understanding quantum mechanics of precision measurements. He also gave a vision of the science that could come from an investigation of the gravitational wave sky from periods of fractions of milliseconds to tens of billions of years., Kip S. Thorne., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
For the first time, scientists have observed ripples in the fabric of space time called gravitational waves, arriving at the earth from a cataclysmic event in the distant universe. This confirms a major prediction of Albert Einstein´s 1915 general theory of relativity and opens an unprecendented new window onto the cosmos. Gravitational waves carry information about their dramatic origins and about the nature of gravity that cannot otherwise be obtained. Physicists have concluded that the detected gravitational waves were produced during the final fraction of a second of the merger of two black holes to produce a single, more massive spinning black hole. This collision of two black holes had been predicted but never observed. The gravitational waves were detected on September 14, 2015 at 09.51 UTC by both of the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors, located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington, USA. The discovery was made by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (which includes the GEO Collaboration and the Australian Consortium for Interferometric Gravitational Astronomy) and the Virgo Collaboration using data from the two LIGO detectors. Special prominence is given to this topic in the article by Dr. Vladimír Wagner of the Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS. and Vladimír Wagner.