This contribution analyses several photographs made by Czechoslovak legionaries; these photographs capture various aspects of Buryat Buddhism in Cis-Baikalia - monks, lay people, their cult structures, temples and shrines and also interiors, altars etc. The set of about twenty photographs of this type were found in the Central Military Archive of the Czech Republic in Prague, they have not been precisely identified and have a remarkable testimonial value. They capture the state of Buryat Buddhism before the Bolshevik revolution whose effects became apparent in this region only after the departure of foreign intervention armies, including Czechoslovak legionaries. It is not an extensive and systematically created set; the photographs were discovered more or less by accident and they do not represent a targeted collection. Nevertheless their historical value is significant and they illustrate the situation around Lake Baikal very well., Luboš Bělka., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
This paper deals with the causes of the Arab Spring in Yemen. It analyses political causes such as the system of political patronage and both the internal and external conflicts, which have weakened the state at multiple levels. It also discusses the social and economic causes, such as poverty, unemployment and the problems of oil, qat and water. This combination of political and socioeconomic factors, fuelled by the protests in Tunisia and Egypt, created a revolution, which led to the overthrow of the president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had ruled Yemen for 33 years., Veronika Kramáreková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the years following the June 1967 War, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict intruded on Lebanese political life. This development, in combination with the demographic and political changes taking place inside Lebanon itself, upset the country's fragile sectarian balance and plunged it into fifteen years of vicious and destructive civil war. The civil war was not an exclusively Lebanese affair; it was precipitated by the Palestinian presence in the country. Support for the Palestinians came primarily from Muslims alienated by the existing system, which benefited the political leaders and their associates but failed to provide basic social services to broad sections of the population. The social and economic grievances of Muslims were compounded by the sectarian arrangements that continued to favour the coutry's Christians., Karol Sorby., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article aims to summarize the main moments of the modernization process of Vietnamese literature, which was triggered by the penetration of the French into Vietnam in the second half of the 19th century. It was the press and magazines that played a major part in the transformation of Vietnamese literature as well as translations of Western and Chinese literature that inspired Vietnamese writers in their creative endeavors. The modernization movement culminated in 1925, when first two modern Vietnamese novels were published and Vietnamese literature found its own voice., Mária Strašáková., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury