This paper looks at the care of orphans and the new welfare institutions that emerged in the second half of the 18th century. It traces changes in social care provision and its gradual transfer to local municipal authorities, and the rationale behind institutional care and support for the poor. Specifically, it focuses on the St John the Baptist Orphanage in Prague, which had the patronage of Maria Theresa. In the 18th and 19th centuries orphanages were few and far between, chiefly because of the high costs involved. Mostly they were founded by larger municipalities, benevolent societies or individuals. The St John the Baptist Orphanage differed not only in its founders – the Freemasons – but in its teachers, who were initially members of the Masonic Lodge, and it provided a good education by the standards of the day. The paper considers how the orphanage selected its charges and how it looked after them.
[František Věnceslav Jeřábek], Pozůstalost prof. Černého, sig. E0-1324, Pod názvem: vydáno péčí České akademie věd a umění, and Přívazek k: Hána, aneb, Smíření Přemyslovců s Vršovci CZ-HkSVK
The subject of this study is the issue of sickness, death and dying as approached in the first textbooks of pastoral theology. In the Catholic confessional environment of late 18th century Central Europe, pastoral theology was a new discipline that was about to be introduced into university curricula. The aim of this article is to outline and describe the concept of sickness and death with which the first textbooks of the new discipline worked in formulating new content and forms of spiritual care for the sick and dying. These, presented as binding on future spiritual administrators, defined itself against the older tradition and drew inspiration from Jansenist-Enlightenment approaches and thought. We mainly analyse two or three textbooks that were widely used in the Czech environment. They relied on the prescribed and most successful textbook of the Viennese pastoralist Franz Giftschütz, translated into Czech by the Olomouc teacher Václav Stach, and on the Czech scripts of Aegidius (Jiljí) Chládek, a Premonstratensian of Strahov Monastery and Prague university professor. The changes in the content and forms of Catholic preparation for death and of the concepts of illness and death must be understood in the context of the reforms that affected the field of spiritual education at this time, the new view of the person of the Catholic clergyman, and also the changes in religious and moral sentiments and the promotion and dissemination of medical knowledge and concepts also in the non-medical strata of society.
V inventáři světové vědy má Chorvatsko jen málo záznamů - dokonce ještě méně, než jich mají třeba naše země. O to vnímavější bychom měli být k jeho historickým úspěchům. Patří k nim na prvním místě Rudjer Josip Boškovič (1711-1787), jezuita, ale zároveň i osvícenec, jehož dílo ovlivnilo vývoj věd snad ve všech evropských zemích., Josef Smolka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The contribution explores the Prague origines of the first Prague and Austrian female author of the Enlightenment, Maria Anna Sager, born Rosskoschny (1719-1805). The reconstruction of the carreer of her father Anton Ferdinand Rosskoschny (1679-1734) at the Böhmische Statthalterei - he ended as "Registrator" and "Expeditor" - proves his social ambitions. On the other hand egodocuments of him conserved in the National Archives at Prague reveal the sorrows and the "stress" of the wellestablished fonctioner, not only his fear in front of the people, but also for his reputation, his family and his soul., Helga Meise., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
A major reform in the reign of Joseph II was the establishment in 1786 of the provincial building directorates, through which the court aimed to regulate all public building works in the monarchy. Although the original aim of unifying building regulations throughout the realm was never achieved, the reform was a success and remained in force, with a few minor amendments, until the revolutionary year of 1848. One reason for its success was the elite corps of civil engineers who staffed these institutions. This study looks at advances in technical education, especially engineering, in the Habsburg monarchy from the beginning of the 18th century and the emergence of the Collegia Nobilia, or elite colleges, where graduates were prepared for a career in the Imperial Army. Besides military architecture, the colleges also taught the fundamentals of civil engineering, turning out some of the best‐trained creators of early modern architecture. The development and nature of this elite engineering training is examined with reference to the engineering academies of Prague, Vienna and Olomouc. In all three cases we stress the colleges’ status within the state framework, and their evolution in the light of changing official doctrine and methods of instruction. In all three cases it is clear that during the latter half of the 18th century the original ‘aristocratic’ colleges began to decline and were slowly replaced by similar state‐controlled establishments. As a first step, the court of Joseph II introduced a specialized course in practical architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. From around 1800 this model was gradually superseded by the progressive French‐style polytechnic, a modified version of which remains the standard model for technical education to this day., Michal Konečný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy