Čínské periferie, často obývané množstvím různorodých nečínských etnik, byly hranicí mezi dvěma odlišnými světy. Čína se povašovala za nositelku civilizace, obyvatele příhraničních regionů vnímala jako součást neprostupné barbarské temnoty. Pohraničí bylo pro Čínu nesmírně důležitou, zároveň však problematickou oblastí. Císařský dvůr vyvíjel na periferie neustálý tlak, jímž se je snažil sevřít do svých kulturních a ideologických vzorců. Vlivní obyvatelé okrajových oblastí byli tímto mocenským centrem zjevně přitahování, sounáležitost s "civilizací" pro ně totiž otevírala mnoho nových ekonomických i politických možností, zároveň však nechtěli opustit své tradice a způsob života. Čína tak musela vyvinout zvláštní a pružný způsob vlády, aby tyto citlivé oblasti nepřímo ovládla a zároveň nemusela na jejich kontrolu vynakládat zbytečně mnoho ekonomických a vojenských prostředků., The present paper outlines the origins, changes and the development of systems of indirect rule in Southwest China. The final stage in the development of this political mechanism was the so-called "native chieftain system" (ch. tusi zhidu), through which the central court managed the peripheral regions of its empire during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The paper focuses on the development of these systems of indirect rule from the Zhou dynasty (11th century BC) to the beginning of the 20th century. The native chieftain system was a turning point in the history of the approach to indirect rule, which was implemented by the Mongolians in the 13th century. They took advantage of the Chinese experience with the "haltered and bridled prefectures system" (Ch. jimi zhidu) adding their own features. During the Ming and Qing dynasties many native chieftains (ch. tusi) were agents of the court, through whom the process of sinicization, and therefore colonization, was practiced. These processes were de facto copleted in the first half of the 18th century, during the role of the emperor Yongzheng. The paper further concludes that many of the features of modern national policy of the PRC were inherited from the political and geographical structure of the native chieftain system. Within the paper, relevant terminology has been translated into Czech in order to support future research initiatives., Jan Karlach., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The altitudinal effects on photosynthesis were measured on progenies of three populations of Rosa platyacantha Schrenk from altitudes of 1,170 (L); 1,580 (M); and 1,920 (H) m a. s. l. During the day, net photosynthetic rate (PN) decreased in all populations due to the high air temperature in the summer. The H population showed a significantly lower PN at noon compared to other populations. The midday depression of PN occurred in L and M populations due to stomatal limitations, while PN inhibition was associated with PSII activity decline in the H population. In order to avoid photodamage, the plants of H population triggered active antioxidant defenses with a higher enzyme activity and redox ratio of ascorbate at midday compared to the L and M populations. However, more oxidative injury still occurred in the H plants at noon due to higher lipid peroxidation. Our results indicated that the provenance significantly affected photosynthesis in R. platyacantha from northwestern China., S. H. Yang, J. J. Wei, H. Ge., and Obsahuje bibliografii