Jewish politics of the first half of the 20th century can hardly be reduced to the history of the Zionist movement. Various autonomy oriented groupings were obviously active as well, with the so-called “Bund” being one of the most prominent among them. Although the demand for Jewish national and cultural autonomy in the Diaspora, particularly in Eastern Europe, and the emphasis upon cultivation of the Yiddish culture could be seen as two characteristic features of the Bund, the very evolution of these notions attests to a rather more complex mosaic of the Bundist world outlook.