The first part of the text addresses the development of ethnography, ethnology and anthropology, respectively, as fields of study, based on the change of the research paradigm. The second part is focused on two most progressive sub-fields of the contemporary anthropology: urban and ethnic anthropology, respectively. It analyses the development of these two fields after 1989, as well as the key areas of research, especially with regard to the change of the political and social system and climate. The aim of the study is to accentuate the confusion with regard to the use of the terms ethnography, ethnology and anthropology and the development continuity of the field. In addition, it aims to underline the social bias of this field of study, even after 1989. Present-day anthropology applies the holistic approach and has remained, to a great extent, part of history. However, it would seem that its comparative scope is its weakness.
Collaborationist Czechism took over a Reich legend about the Third Reich´s fight for Europe of everlasting peace and social reconciliation in the so-called civil war. After the triumph of the Nazi Germany, the Czech issue would have been to be solved. However, during the war intermezzo the Nazi propaganda pretended an interest in the Czech "folk culture" and its apparent creator - the Czech farmer. Simultaneously, the Protectorate promoted the German "folk culture" (mainly the national costume) and the Reich ethnography (e.g. the ethnographer Kerkman, an expert in folk costumes) as unbeatable models for the Czech ethnography. The study describes the resources of the Nazi interest in the "folk culture", the forms of the culture ́s promotion, as well as the causes of an alleged support to the ethnographic curiosities in the Protectorate. However, the "folk culture" and the ethnography that promoted this culture, worked as a support to Czechism, a Czech nation ́s anchor in its alleged roots, and as an expression of national nostalgia and sentiment. The folk costumes and traditions were revitalized. In comparison to the interwar trends of ethnography, both models of the interest in the "folk culture" gave an impression of a kind of anachronism. The models disparaged the Czech and Moravian people down to the position of an ethnographic group. The "folk culture" (especially folk costumes, folk songs) was also used by the exile propaganda around Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, to encourage the exile Czechism, to induce a feeling of the Czech nation´s wholeness (in emigration and at home), and to manifest Czechism and Czechoslovakism in the public.