The Donation of Stará Boleslav chapter includes statement on duties of several Moravian, i.e. geographically distant subjects, which had to pay to the chapter ‘marchae’ and ‘boves’. The Latin word ‘boves’ (sg. ‘bos’) has been traditionally translated as ‘cattle’. However, this interpretation is not consistent with archeozoological data. It is argued, that ‘bos’was a literal translation of Czech word ‘skot’, which meant both (domestic) cattle and a kind of currency in the Middle Ages. Moravian subjects thus probably paid to the Stará Boleslav chapter taxes in money, not in cattle.
Birds protect their nests against predators in various ways. In addition to active defence, they can hide their nests or use the protection of other species breeding nearby that actively defend the nests. Studies evaluating these strategies simultaneously are rare, especially from areas unaltered by humans. Nest predation risks were studied in a wetland bird community at Lake Baikal, Russia. The community contained several species actively defending their nests, although most were “passive defenders”. Such tactics as active defence, concealed nesting, neighbourhood nesting and coloniality were tested for their effects on predation risk. The main predators
were birds, particularly carrion crows (Corvus corone). Analysis of 193 nests using multimodel inference based on Akaike’s information criterion
suggests the most successful tactic was active nest defence, although most birds applying this tactic build open (uncovered) nests. Passive defenders effectively reduced this risk by nest concealment and/or breeding near active defenders. Opposing patterns were found for active versus passive defenders near the most successful breeder but also a potential nest predator, the Mongolian gull (Larus mongolicus). Conservation implications emphasize support for large aggregations of active nest defenders, vegetation cover providing good nest shelter, and sufficient area of interior habitat reducing edge effects.