We analyzed the runoff and its temporal distribution during the catastrophic flood events on river Gidra (32.9 km2 ) and Parná (37.86 km2 ) of the 7th June 2011. The catchments are located in the Small Carpathian Mountains, western Slovakia. Direct measurements and evaluation of the peak discharge values after such extreme events are emphasized in the paper including exceedance probabilities of peak flows and of their causal flash rainfall events. In the second part of the paper, plausible modeling mode is presented, using the NLC (Non Linear Cascade) rainfall-runoff model. Several hypothetical extreme flood events were simulated by the NLC model for both rivers. Also the flood runoff volumes are evaluated as basic information on the natural or artificial catchment storage. and Predložený príspevok analyzuje tvorbu a priebeh odtoku počas katastrofickej povodňovej situácie na Gidre (32,9 km2 ) a na Parnej (37,86 km2 ) dňa 7. 6. 2011. Povodia týchto tokov sa nachádzajú v Malých Karpatoch na západnom Slovensku. V príspevku sa kladie dôraz na priame zameranie a vyhodnotenie kulminačných prietokov po výskyte takýchto povodní. Diskutujú sa problémy vyjadrenia pravdepodobnosti prekročenia kulminačných prietokov a dažďov, ktoré ich spôsobili. V druhej časti príspevku je prezentovaný možný spôsob modelovania povodne jednoduchým zrážkovo-odtokovým modelom NLC. Daným modelom NLC sú následne simulované prietoky Gidry v stanici Píla a Parná v stanici Horné Orešany za extrémnej hypotetickej zrážkovej udalosti. Hodnotené sú objemy odtoku počas povodní, ako základný údaj pre reálny odhad ich prirodzeného alebo umelého zadržania.
Changes in runoff parameters are very important for Slovakia, where stream-flow discharges, being supplied by precipitation and groundwater runoff, are preferentially influenced by climatic conditions. Therefore, teleconnections between runoff parameters, climate parameters and global atmospheric drivers such as North Atlantic Oscillation, Southern Pacific Oscillation, Quasi-biennial oscillation and solar activity were studied in the Nitra River Basin, Slovakia. Research was mostly based on records of 80 years (1931-2010) for discharges and baseflow, and 34 years for groundwater heads. Methods of autocorrelation, spectral analysis, cross-correlation and coherence function were used. Results of auto-correllograms for discharges, groundwater heads and base flow values showed a very distinct 11-year and 21-year periodicity. Spectrogram analysis documented the 11-year, 7.8-year, 3.6-year and 2.4-year periods in the discharge, precipitation and air temperature time series. The same cycles except of 11-years were also identified in the long-term series of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Pacific Oscillation indices. The cycle from approximately 2.3 to 2.4-years is most likely connected with Quasi-biennial oscillation. The close negative correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation winter index and the hydrological surface and groundwater parameters can be used for their prediction within the same year and also for one year in advance.
In this paper we focused on the history of floods and extreme flood frequency analysis of the upper Danube River at Bratislava. Firstly, we briefly describe the flood marks found on the Danube River in the region of Bratislava, Slovakia, and provide an account of the floods’ consequences. Secondly, we analyzed the annual maximum discharge series for the period 1876–2012, including the most recent flood of June 2013. Thirdly, we compare the values of T-year design discharge computed with and without incorporating the historic floods (floods of the years 1501, 1682, and 1787 into the 138-year series of annual discharge peaks). There are unfortunately only a few historic flood marks preserved in Bratislava, but there are very important and old marks in neighbouring Hainburg and other Austrian cities upstream to Passau. The calculated T-year maximum discharge of the Danube at Bratislava for the period 1876-2010 without and with historic flood values have been compared. Our analysis showed that without incorporating the historic floods from the years 1501, 1682, and 1787 the 1000-year discharge calculated only with data from the instrumented period 1876- 2013 is 14,188 m3 s -1 , and it is lower compared to the 1000-year discharge of 14,803 m3 s -1 when the three historic floods are included. In general, the T-year discharge is higher throughout the whole spectrum of T-year discharges (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500-year discharge) when the three historic floods are included. Incorporating historic floods into a time series of maximum annual discharge seems to exert a significant effect on the estimates of low probability floods. This has important implications for flood managements and estimation of flood design discharge.
In this article the hydrologic measurements at selected Slovak streams writing 75 years observation period in term of low flow are evaluated. We entertain with deficit characteristics like low flow duration and deficit volumes for threshold discharge level Q90 (90% flow accidence). We calculate the appearance frequency, the distribution function of the maximum deficit volume and the maximum duration of low flow. We analysed also the most important low flow events for the whole observation period. This procedure was applied for hydrologic year and for selected characteristics also for summer and winter seasons. and V predloženom článku hodnotíme hydrologické pozorovania na vybraných slovenských vodných tokoch za 75-ročné obdobie z hľadiska malej vodnosti. Hodnotíme charakteristiky: trvanie malej vodnosti a nedostatkový objem pre prahovú hodnotu prietoku Q90 (90% zabezpečenosti prietoku). Určili sme frekvenciu výskytu, zákon rozdelenia maximálnych nedostatkových objemov a maximálneho trvania malej vodnosti. Analyzovali sme charakteristiky pre najvýznamnejšie zaznamenané udalosti malej vodnosti - historické suchá v celom období pozorovania. Postup sme aplikovali na hydrologický rok a pre vybrané charakteristiky aj na letnú a zimnú sezónu.
In the paper there the questions of selection of representative period for the hydrological characteristics assessment are discussed. Also the characteristics of runoff and precipitation for the periods 1931-1980 and 1961-2000 are presented. The main components of water balance in Slovakia are the basis for comparison of both periods. The assessment of development of runoff condition during the last decades is presented. and V referáte sa diskutujú otázky výberu reprezentatívneho obdobia pre stanovenie hydrologických charakteristík. Ďalej sa uvádzajú charakteristiky odtoku a zrážok za obdobia 1931-1980 a 1961-2000. Na základe hodnotenia hlavných komponentov hydrologickej bilancie Slovenska sa obidve obdobia porovnávajú a opisuje sa vývoj odtokových pomerov ostatného obdobia.