Let $G$ be a graph with vertex set $V(G)$, and let $k\ge 1$ be an integer. A subset $D \subseteq V(G)$ is called a {\it $k$-dominating set} if every vertex $v\in V(G)-D$ has at least $k$ neighbors in $D$. The $k$-domination number $\gamma _k(G)$ of $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a $k$-dominating set in $G$. If $G$ is a graph with minimum degree $\delta (G)\ge k+1$, then we prove that $$\gamma _{k+1}(G)\le \frac {|V(G)|+\gamma _k(G)}2.$$ In addition, we present a characterization of a special class of graphs attaining equality in this inequality.
Let $B(X)$ be the algebra of all bounded linear operators in a complex Banach space $X$. We consider operators $T_1,T_2\in B(X)$ satisfying the relation $\sigma _{T_1}(x) = \sigma _{T_2}(x)$ for any vector $x\in X$, where $\sigma _T(x)$ denotes the local spectrum of $T\in B(X)$ at the point $x\in X$. We say then that $T_1$ and $T_2$ have the same local spectra. We prove that then, under some conditions, $T_1 - T_2$ is a quasinilpotent operator, that is $\Vert (T_1 - T_2)^n\Vert ^{1/n} \rightarrow 0$ as $n \rightarrow \infty $. Without these conditions, we describe the operators with the same local spectra only in some particular cases.
Using fluorescence methods, it was shown that the energy transfer from flavin to protochlorophyilide (PChlide) 655/650 and to the products of its photoconversion (chlorophyllide) couid be observed up to the completion of the Shibata shift. The changes in fluorescence spectra of NADPH and flavins, accompanying the PChlide 655/650 photoreduction at 77 K, allow to assume the participation of NADPH and flavins in the primary photoreactions of chlorophyllide formation.