We compared by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence imaging the effects of two strains of the same virus (Italian and Spanish strains of the Pepper mild mottle virus - PMMoV-I and-S, respectively) in the host plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The infection was visualized either using conventional Chl fluorescence parameters or by an advanced statistical approach, yielding a combinatorial set of images that enhances the contrast between control and PMMoV-infected plants in the early infection steps. Among the conventional Chl fluorescence parameters, the non-photochemical quenching parameter NPQ was found to be an effective PMMoV infection reporter in asymptomatic leaves of N. benthamiana, detecting an intermediate infection phase. The combinatorial imaging revealed the infection earlier than any of the standard Chl fluorescence parameters, detecting the PMMoV-S infection as soon as 4 d post-inoculation (dpi), and PMMoV-I infection at 6 dpi; the delay correlates with the lower virulence of the last viral strain. and M. Pineda ... [et al.].
The methods of multiphase flow dynamics modelling are known. The theoretical calculation of the flow dynamic parameters of multiphase medium is based on the assumption of the mutual interaction between the phases, which becomes essentially manifested if mass concentration of the dispersed phase exceeds the value of 20 %. In many cases this limit seems to be even too high. The results of the experimental investigation of moderate and dense suspension flow confirm that the influence of solid particles on the suspension flow behaviour and the rheological parameters can be significant even for the mass concentration less than 20 %. In this paper the model of multiphase flow, which in based on the joint solution of vector equations of dispesed particle motion in Lagrange coordinates and the equation of continuum in Euilerian coordinates is presented. The method is applied to axially symmetrical flow of incompressible fluid in the rectangular channel and to flow in the zigzag channel. In the case of zigzag channel the numerical scheme is proposed. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
For some purposes, such as for accurate orbit prediction, it seems to be useful to replace the large fields of harmonic coefficients, in the Earth gravity field models by a limited set of the lumped geopotential coefficients, tailored to the individual orbits. The lumped values absorb the orbital information to a high degree for the particular order of the harmonics, and a small set of the lumped coefficients, written for various orders, should be sufficient to describe the orbit as perturbed by the Earth. Some problems and questions concerning the application of this method for orbits similar to those of SEASAT or TOPEX are discussed and answered.
In this paper, we have investigated some properties of the first Dirichlet eigenvalue of a bicyclic graph with boundary condition. These results can be used to characterize the extremal bicyclic graphs with the smallest first Dirichlet eigenvalue among all the bicyclic graphs with a given graphic bicyclic degree sequence with minor conditions. Moreover, the extremal bicyclic graphs with the smallest first Dirichlet eigenvalue among all the bicycle graphs with fixed $k$ interior vertices of degree at least 3 are obtained.