Cílem tohoto článku je diskuse širšího významu Fregova logicistického projektu na pozadí Wittgensteinovy filosofie z Trac tatu a Filosofických zkoumání. Čerpám při tom ze dvou základních pozorování, totiž (1) že se Fregův projekt snaží říci něco, co bylo pouze implicitní v každodenní aritmetické praxi, jak to demonstruje tzv. rekurivní teorém, a (2) že se explicitnost zahrnutá v logicismu netýká samotných aritmetických operací, ale spíše způsobu, jímž byly definovány. Spíše než samotná (aritmetická) pravidla představuje tento pokus explikaci pravidel toho, jak se jimi řídit, tj. pravidel druhého řádu. Tyto poznámky dále rozpracovávám se stručnými odkazy na Brandomovo rozvinutí Fregova expresivistického a Wittgensteinova pragmatického projektu., The objective of this paper is to analyze the broader significance of Frege’s logicist project against the background of Wittgenstein’s philosophy from both Tractatus and Philosophical Investigations. The article draws on two basic observations, namely (1) that Frege’s project aims at saying something that was only implicit in everyday arithmetical practice, as the so-called recursion theorem demonstrates, and (2) that the explicitness involved in logicism does not concern the arithmetical operations themselves, but rather the way they are defined. It thus represents the attempt to make explicit not the (arithmetical) rules alone, but rather the rules governing their following, i.e. rules of second-order type. I elaborate on these remarks with short references to Brandom’s refinement of Frege’s expressivist and Wittgenstein’s pragmatist project., and Vojtěch Kolman.
The article focuses on the relationship between marital status and life satisfaction in the countries of Europe. The first part of the article discusses subjective evaluations of life satisfaction and the theoretical concepts that explain differences in the levels of life satisfaction according to marital status. The second part of the article is devoted to empirical analyses of data from the European Social Survey (ESS), the results of which indicate that in the countries studied married people tend to be more satisfied with life than others, even though the strength of this effect varies. The differences in the effect of marriage cannot be ascribed to a given society's divorce rate. In some countries the life satisfaction of the cohabiting population is almost as high as for married people, while in other countries it is closer to the level of life satisfaction observed among single people, and in other countries the level of satisfaction of the cohabitating individuals lies midway between married and single people.