A comparative study of the scolex hook morphology of five species of tapeworms of the genus Triaenophorus Rudolphi, 1793 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), parasites of pikes (Esox lucius L. and E. reichertii Dybowski) in the Palaearctic Region, was carried out. Measurements of scolex hooks of 81 plerocercoids and 492 adults from different hosts and regions were compared using basic statistics and forward stepwise linear discriminant analysis. The shape of the scolex and that of tridental hooks were found to be suitable only for differentiation of the taxa with a similar shape of hooks, i.e. Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781) from T. amurensis Kuperman, 1968, and T. crassus Forel, 1868 from T. meridionalis Kuperman, 1968 and T. orientalis Kuperman, 1968, respectively. In contrast, discriminant analysis did not enable reliable separation of specimens of individual taxa of these two morphological groups due to high intraspecific variability and overlaps between species. This was reflected in low classification efficiencies (average 83%) of all species of the T. crassus group, whereas all T. amurensis specimens were misidentified as T. nodulosus. The new data also considerably enlarge (up to twofold) the size range of the species described by Kuperman in 1968, which invalidates suitability of the most important discriminant characteristic, the width of the basal plate, for delimitation of Triaenophorus species. Based on the present data, all Kuperman's taxa are considered to represent only distinct geographical populations of T. nodulosus and T. crassus. As a result, T. amurensis is synonymized with T. nodulosus, whereas T. orientalis is considered to be a synonym of T. crassus. Previous synonymisation of T. meridionalis with T. crassus, first proposed by Dubinina (1987), is also accepted.
This text analyses the construction of gender relations in the state-socialist societies, namely the former Czechoslovakia. Main source of findings about these relations are sociological interpretations of ''gender under communism'' written predominately for Western audiences after 1989. I propose several theoretical concepts suitable for understanding of the topic, including ''gender order'', ''patriarchy'', ''communist subject'' and ''social organization of masculinity''. On the basis of the texts mentioned above I distinguish between two important processes of the construction of state socialist gender order, which I call ''the unfinished project of women's emancipation'' and the ''changed public and private spheres''. Then I turn my attention to locating position of men in the state-socialist gender order. To understand the ''patriarchy of the state socialist type'' I find it useful to recognize several types of relations between different groups of men as included in Robert Connell's concept of ''social organization of masculinity'': hegemony, subordination, complicity and marginalization. I recognize subordination as the dominant form of masculinity in state-socialist society.