Plants of the discovered chlorophyll-deficient mutant of oak (ML) display enhanced disease resistance to the fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum, causal agent of powdery mildew. Quantitative imaging of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence revealed that the net photosynthetic rate (PN) declined progressively in both untreated and invaded ML leaves as well as in inoculated wild-type (WT) leaves. Images of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) in both untreated and infected mutant leaves suggested that the capacity of Calvin cycle had been reduced and that there was a complex metabolic heterogeneity within the ML leaf. The ML mutant accumulates reactive oxygen species, ROS (H2O2) from the oxidative burst followed by spontaneous cell death that mimic the hypersensitive response. Reduction in pathogen sporulation on ML leaves correlated with the accumulation of soluble saccharides and a more rapid induction of defence responses including expression of some defence proteins (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase). Unlike to WT plants, ML- conferred phenotype activates and/or de-represses multiple defence responses, making them more easily induced by pathogens.
The article presents an attempt at using synthetic aperture radar interferometry to determine surface displacement in a region affected by a strong earthquake induced by underground mining operations. It was assumed that the satellite radar data obtained from the Sentinel 1A/B satellites may be used to monitor induced seismicity, i.e. mining tremors. Such seismic activity is observed at much shallower depths, and the surface area affected by such activity is much more limited than in the case of natural seismic events. Research was performed in a region located in the southwest part of Poland, where copper ore is extracted using underground methods. The geological structure of the selected area increases the likelihood of induced seismic events. Moreover, the area is one of the most seismically active regions in this part of Europe. The tremor analysed in this paper occurred on November 29, 2016, and had a magnitude of Mw4.2. Calculations showed that the seismic event resulted in the creation of a 2.7 km x 2.5 km subsidence basin. The paper demonstrates that it is possible to use data provided by the Sentinel 1A/B satellites to detect surface displacements caused by a mining tremor.
Let $B_w(\ell ^p)$ denote the space of infinite matrices $A$ for which $A(x)\in \ell ^p$ for all $x=\{x_k\}_{k=1}^\infty \in \ell ^p$ with $|x_k|\searrow 0$. We characterize the upper triangular positive matrices from $B_w(\ell ^p)$, $1<p<\infty $, by using a special kind of Schur multipliers and the G. Bennett factorization technique. Also some related results are stated and discussed.