Dendromonocotyle species (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) are the only monocotylids to parasitize the skin of chondrichthyan hosts. Currently 11 species are recorded from the skin of ray species in the Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae and Urolophidae. There have been increasing reports of Dendromonocotyle outbreaks on rays kept in public aquaria. This paper provides a broad review of Dendromonocotyle that should assist taxonomists and aquarists with species identification and help decisions on potential control methods for Dendromonocotyle infections. The taxonomy and host-specificity of Dendromonocotyle are discussed and a key to current species is provided. We summarise what little is known about the biology of Dendromonocotyle including egg embryonation and hatching, feeding, camouflage and reproduction. The efficacy of freshwater baths, chemical treatments and biological control measures such as the use of cleaner fish for Dendromonocotyle is also discussed. We demonstrate that effective control of Dendromonocotyle on captive rays is hampered by the lack of basic biological data on the life cycle of the parasites. A case history is provided outlining the success of a public aquarium (Underwater World, Mooloolaba, Queensland, Australia) in managing D. pipinna infections on captive Taeniura meyeni without chemical intervention simply by taking measures to reduce host stress.
Field gas exchange and water potential in the leaves of a C3 dicot, Plantago asiatica L., and a C4 monocot, Eleusine indica Gaertn., which dominate in trampled vegetation in eastern Japan were surveyed during the growing periods for two consecutive years. Net photosynthetic rate (PN) of E. indica increased with photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and leaf temperature (TL). PN was not saturated at PPFDs above 1500 µmol m-2 s-1 and at TL above 30 °C. On a sunny day in mid summer, maximum PN was two times higher in E. indica than in P. asiatica [42 vs. 20 µmol(CO2) m-2 s-1], but their transpiration rate (E) and the leaf water potential (ΨL) were similar. Soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance, which probably plays a role in water absorption from the trampled compact soil, was higher in E. indica than in P. asiatica. The differences in photosynthetic traits between E. indica explain why E. indica communities more commonly develop at heavily trampled sites in summer than the P. asiatica communities. and T. Kobayashi, K. Okamoto, Y. Hori.
The preparation of Dl/D2/cytochrome 6559 complex isolated from pea (Pisum sativum h.) was photoinactivated by "white light" (140 W m‘2) at 20 and 4 "C in both the presence and absence of oxygen. The inactivation was followed by measuring the decline of the photoinduced absorbance change A/4683 (the photoaccumulation of reduced pheophytin), by measuring absorption spectra and fluorescence emission, and by polypeptide analysis. In the presence of oxygen, the ability of the DUDUcyi 6559 complex to acciunulate reduced pheophytin was lost with the halftime im of about 3 min and fluorescence quantum yield declined with ti/2 of about 30 min at both 20 and 4 ^C. The D\ and Dl polypeptides were rapidly modified at 20 °C as reflected by the presence of their large aggregates at the start of the electrophoretic gel and by a decrease of the mobility of remaining Dl and Dl monomers. This modification was substantially limited at 4 “C. Subímits of cytochrome 6559 were not modified at any temperature. When oxygen was removed, the halftime of the A/1683 decline increased by about one order of magnitude, fluorescence emission did not decline, but slightly increased, and the polypeptide pattem was only slightly affected during irradiation.
The existence of anti-periodic solutions is studied for a second order difference inclusion associated with a maximal monotone operator in Hilbert spaces. It is the discrete analogue of a well-studied class of differential equations.
Development of combustion engines can be characterized by continuous increase in the number of computational simulations being applied in all areas. There is a clear trend to use chain or belt drives for the design of timing drives. Computational simulation of these drives has not been developing too long due to high demands on the computational technology. The paper focuses on simulation of dynamics of the timing chain drive with the use of a multi-body system. A mass-produced four cylinder in-line engine with two camshafts and two valves per cylinder has been used as a computational model. and Obsahuje seznam literatury