This article deals with the history of the Funj Kingdom in Sudan (1504-1821). At the beginning the most important indigenous and foreign primary sources from this period are outlined. Then follows a brief description of the previous period. The main focus of the article is on political history of the Funj Kingdom which may be periodized into four main phases. The first was the era of unlimited domination of the Funj in the 16th century. The next century was marked by Funj-Abdalláb dualism. In the 18th century two important processes took place - disintegration of the kingdom and a breakdown of Funj institutions. The last phase of the kingdom´s history was the Hamaj regency (1762-1821). The fragmented Funj Kingdom was at the end of this period an easy prey for the Turko-Egyptian invasion led by Muhammad Alí´s son Ismáíl Kámil Pasha in 1820-1823., Emanuel Beška., and Obsahuje seznam literatury a poznámky
Historii prostituce očima sexuálních pracovnic: od středověkých ulic po salony Divokého západu, od nevěstinců po zámecké komnaty. Autorčin široký záběr poskytuje kontext pro současné debaty o sexuální emancipaci a o postavení žen ve společnosti.
This text deals with the issue of the political systém of Botswana in the wider historical context. The paper seeks to describe the main features of Botswanan democracy and attempts to provide an analysis of the political reality in Botswana. The text is divided into three basic parts. The first section provides a discussion on the historical circumstances, identifying the main features of Bechuanaland during the period of colonial rule and focusing on the particular local conditions. The second section focuses on the contemporary political reality, influenced as i tis by the presence of rich natural resources. The final section deals with the limitations of the political systém and its future prospects., Linda Piknerová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury