Na konci padesátých let Merleau-Ponty ve svých textech zavádí nový formulační a významový okruh související s pojmem „viditelnosti“, variantou pojmu „tělesnost“ (chair). Cílem této stati je ukázat, že důsledná interpretace zmíněného okruhu nutně vede k tomu, že musíme pojem viditelnosti považovat za systematicky privilegované východisko pro interpretaci všech dílčích Merleau-Pontyho výkladů. Pojem viditelnosti resp. tělesnosti totiž shrnuje Merleau-Pontyho tezi o prioritě souvislosti „horizontu“ či „pole“ ve vztahu k tomu, co je předmětně a individuálně myslitelné uvnitř něj, a to nikoli již pouze z fenomenologického hlediska a u konkrétních témat, nýbrž obecně a v ontologickém smyslu. Článek nabízí rozbor lexika viditelnosti, z takto naznačené perspektivy viditelnosti charakterizuje Merleau-Pontyho pojetí fenoménu a shrnuje jeho ontologické důsledky na příkladu dvou ústředních témat, jimiž je vztah mezi subjektem a objektem a mezi empirickým a ideálním., In his writings at the end of the fifties, Merleau-Ponty introduced a new semantic and expressional circuit with the concept of “visibility”, a variation on the concept of “flesh” (chair). The aim of this article is to show that a consistent interpretation of this circuit necessarily leads us to a consideration of the concept of visibility as a systematically privileged viewpoint for the interpretation of all Merleau-Ponty’s more particular discussions. The concept of visibility, or flesh, summarises Merleau-Ponty’s thesis that the proper cohesion of the “horizon” or “field” is prior to that which is objectively and individually thinkable within it. Thus, Merleau-Ponty’s pivotal idea is set down not just from the phenomenological viewpoint, or in particular instances, but rather quite generally and in an ontological sense. The article offers an analysis of the lexis related to the concept of visibility, characterises Merleau-Ponty’s conception of phenomenon from its perspective and summarises its ontological consequences, using the example of two central themes i.e. the relation between subject and object and the relation between the empirical and ideal., and Jan Halák.
The study offers the exposition of the persecution of heretics and witches and sorcerers in the region of Fribourg in the first half of the 14th century. The progress from persecution of heretics to the ensuing witch trials in the town of Fribourg and its surroundings was not strictly linear. In fact, for some time the persecution of heretics coincided with the persecution of witches and sorcerers, particularly in the years of the trial against Waldensians in 1430. After 1442, there were no more trials with heretics, and the persecution of witches and sorcerers alone ensued. The fundamental difference between the persecution of heretics and the persecution of witches lied in their point of focus. Persecution of heretics was aimed at towns, whereas the persecution of witches was directed at village populations. In the case of Waldensians, mainly men were persecuted; the persecution of witches was aimed primarily at women. With one exception, all trials were held before the same court, i.e. the inquisition court, where members of the Fribourg Municipal Council acted as observers. The unceasing inquisition and the employed inquisition procedure became the link between heresy and witchcraft; naturally, this statement is not exclusively applicable to Fribourg. and Kathrin Utz Tremp.