Satirical poetry in generally considered as a one of the most important genres of the classical Arabic literature. Genre of poetry was in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic society highly appreciated and the Arabs used to regard it as the only form of the real literature. Unlike prose which was limited to the folklore and educational literature esteemed the Arabs poetry as a real art expression and the poet hold also very strong position within the traditional Arab society. Arabic satirical poetry is believed to grow up from curses and lampoons declaimed by traditional Arab wizard, kāhins, and due to the fact that faith in the power of word was still very deeply rooted in people ´s minds, Arabic satirical poetry was ascribed a very good reputation. The development of society after the rise of Islam also had a very strong impact upon the function of traditional genres of the Arabic poetry. From its original function of discouraging and threating enemies satirical poetry developed into the means of poet´s subsistence, political propaganda and society entertainment. Arabic satirical poetry became an independent genre of art. This article deals with the origin and the development of Arabic satirical poetry from its emergence in the pre-Islamic period until it reached its peak during the reign of Umayyad dynasty and concentrates both on its literal and social function while special attention is paid to the three most important Umayyad satirical poets - al-Akhtal, al-Farazdaq and Jarīr. Commentary on their lives and works illustrated a selection of translated verses or poems along with an appropriate interpretation in order to show the right meaning and impact of the verses. and Anna Pletichová.
The article deals with the last years of the Mamlūk rule in North Eastern Africa. First, the article handles briefly the all-out war between the Ottoman governor in Egypt, Muhammad ʻAlī, and the Mamlūks and their withdrawal to Dongola. Then follows a description of the contemporary situation in Nubia and Dongola. The main goal of the paper is to depict the fortunes of the short-lived Mamlūki statelet in Dongola which existed during the second decade of the 19th century and ceased to exist due to the expedition of Ismā ʻīl Kāmil Pasha in 1820., Emanuel Beška., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Hezbollah is the fastest growing political party in the Middle East. It developed from a resistance movement into a strong Lebanese political party. The aim of this article to provide brief information on the resistance movement and make overview of the latest literature available regarding the topic of Hezbollah and underline the different angles of viewing this issue., Viera Kočišíková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
He article deals with hunger strikes as a peculiar form of political pressure and presents a brief overview of ites development in modern Indian history. The author points out the substantial difference between the approach of the Father of Independent India, Mahatma Gandhi, who resorted to hunger strikes as a noble method of moral coercion, and that of the whole crowd of post-independent India´s politicians misusing it for the purpose of sheer extortion. Even in recent years there is a growing number of highly controversial cases, making it apparent that there should be no space for such political weapon in a democracy since it goes against its fundamental principles., Zdeněk Štipl., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The new power configuration that emerged in the regions of South and East Asia in the wake of World War II and the following decolonization process introduced new players to the game of international politics; the roles played by them were orten inherited from the actors of the previous era. it was the general framework of the bipolar world system and the Cold War that represented a new element in traditional rivalries, and which had the capacity to exacerbate problems that had previously lain dormant. The genesis and escalation of the India-china border dispute, interconnected with the status of Tibet, which was viewed by China as part of her own territory and contemplated by India as a semi-independent buffer state, serves as a classic example. On the Indian side, the problem was further aggravated by the inability of the government to coordinate and fully control the activities of its iontelligence. The article follows the gradual development of the ambiguous approach of Indian foreign policy toward its northern neighbour and the silent Indian acquiescence of the involvement of the United States in the Tibetan issue up to the first bloody border clashes in 1959., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Indonesian has played a crucial role in the history of Indonesia as a vital political state-making instrument. Upon Indonesian´s gaining independence, the revolutionary language of Sukarno and his circle was to inspire Indonesians to buidl the young republic and to resist its enemies – namely the West and the newly created Malaysia. With the establishment of General Suharto´s regime in 1965-1966 a change in foreign and domestic policy occurred, the consequence of which was a shift in the political use of Indonesian: from the language of revolution to the language of Pancasila – Indonesian´s state ideology. The result was a sort of „officialese“, full of bizzare neologisms and acronyms, made up to serve the regime. Acronyms have long been an Indonesian obsession in the field of politics and public administration and gradually have become part of the everyday language. Thus, even now, in the post-Suharto era, to understand Indonesian media and politicians, it takes not only a good command of Indonesian but also a thorough knowledge of the Indonesian political system and institutions., Tomáš Petrů., and Obsahuje seznam literatury