The language of Czech classical prose writers has been well characterised so far. Many Czech linguists have lately focused on the language of epistolography. Mainly, private letters drew their attention and this was due to (among other things) their immediality and close relation to the spoken language. Our project analyses the letters written by and addressed to Karel Havlíček, a Czech journalist and prose writer of the mid-19th century. A preliminary corpus consists of 548 transliterated letters (approximately 250.000 text words), which is a half of a total of more than 1.100 letters (of which there are about 350 in German and several others in further languages). The letters in foreign languages have to be translated for the edition in preparation. Search for an appropriate equivalent and its selection from a set of competing means inspire the linguist to carry out a research into the mid-19th c. Czech. This paper describes the usage of words selected out of the corpus, e.g. some kinds of conjunctions and particles, and reflects on the criteria for selection of appropriate equivalents for translation. Its wider task is a description of the mid-19th c. Czech based on reliable data and indication of some possibilities for further research.
Fraïssé introduced the notion of a $k$-set-homogeneous relational structure. In the present paper the following classes of monounary algebras are described: $\mathcal Sh_2(S)$, $\mathcal Sh_2(S^c)$, $\mathcal Sh_2(P^c)$ —the class of all algebras which are 2-set-homogeneous with respect to subalgebras, connected subalgebras, connected partial subalgebras, respectively, and $\mathcal H_2(S)$, $\mathcal H_2(S^c)$, $\mathcal H_2(P^c)$ —the class of all algebras which are 2-homogeneous with respect to subalgebras, connected subalgebras, connected partial subalgebras, respectively.
The type species (Spiniloculus mavensis Southwell, 1925) of the previously monotypic tetraphyllidean genus Spiniloculus Southwell, 1925 is redescribed from the type material from Moreton Bay, Australia. As a consequence the identity of this species is definitively resolved. Three new species in the genus, all collected from Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller et Henle (brownbanded bambooshark), in Borneo, are described. Spiniloculus calhouni sp. n. conspicuously differs from all three of its congeners in its possession of post-poral testes. Spiniloculus fylerae sp. n. and Spiniloculus paigeae sp. n. differ from their two other congeners in that they are relatively small worms (4-6.5 and 2.2-5 mm in total length, respectively) with fewer than 30 proglottids. They can be distinguished from one another in that, while the vitelline follicles are interrupted at the level of its ovary in S. fylerae, this is not the case in S. paigeae. Furthermore, whereas the cirrus sac of the former species is pyriform, it is elongate-oval in the latter species. This brings the total number of species in the genus to four, and lends support to the suggestion that the original identity of the type host of S. mavensis as Mustelus sp. was in error. This work also extends the range of the genus to include the island of Borneo. A key to the species of Spiniloculus is provided. Morphological data generated here, using both light and scanning electron microscopy, support the suggested close affinities between Spiniloculus and Yorkeria Southwell, 1927, both of which parasitize bamboosharks.